The word vaccine originates from the Latin Variolae vaccinae (cowpox), which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent smallpox in humans. Today the term ‘vaccine’ applies to all biological preparations, produced from living organisms, that enhance immunity against disease and either prevent (prophylactic vaccines) or, in some cases,treat disease (therapeutic vaccines). Vaccines are administered in liquid form, either by injection, by oral or by intranasal routes.

World Health Organization. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Vaccine Fact Book 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20160327113913/https://www.phrma-jp.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/old/library/vaccine-factbook_e/1_Basic_Concept_of_Vaccination.pdf

When inactivated or weakened disease-causing microorganisms enter the body, they initiate an immune response. This response mimics the body’s natural response to infection. But unlike disease-causing organisms, vaccines are made of components that have limited ability or are completely unable,to cause disease (See Figure 4). WHO VACCINE FACT BOOK - 2011

1905 U.S. Supreme Court upholds state law mandating smallpox vaccinations

1906 to 1928 Vaccines against pertussis and diphtheria developed

1944 Pertussis vaccine recommended for universal use in infants

1947 DPT (tri-valent diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus) recommended by the AAP for routine use

1955 IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) licensed (was later modified in 1987)

1961 OPV (oral, live-virus polio vaccine) licensed

1963 Measles vaccine licensed

1959 to 1968 Quadrigen (DPT-IPV combo) used routinely [pulled off the market in1968 for safety and efficacy reasons]

1969 Rubella vaccine licensed

1971 MMR (tri-valent measles/mumps/rubella) licensed

1972 U.S. ended routine use of smallpox vaccine

1981 Japan licenses safer DPT vaccine, the acellular DTaP

1983 to 1985 first Hib (Hemophilus influenza B) vaccine (taken off the market in1985 for safety and efficacy reasons)

1986 Vaccine Injury Compensation Act passed

1986 recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine licensed

1987 Hib vaccine licensed

1988 Hib added to schedule

1988 Vaccine Injury Compensation Program Funded

1990 conjugate Hib vaccine licensed

1991 recombinant Hepatitis B recommended for all newborn infants and children

1993 DPTH (DPT-Hib combo) licensed

1995 Varicella licensed

1996 Dtap licensed; recommended for use instead of whole-cell DPT

1996 Hib-HepB combo licensed

1998 Lyme vaccine (Lymerix) licensed

early 1998 Rotavirus vaccine recommended by CDC for universal use in infants

Aug. 1998 Rotavirus vaccine licensed

Oct. 1999 Rotavirus vaccine pulled off the market due to significant adverse reactions

1999/2000 A Joint Statement by the U.S. Public Health Service, the AAFP, the AAP, and ACIP urging manufacturers to remove the preservative thimerosal as soon as possible from vaccines routinely recommended for infants.

2000 Prevnar (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) licensed

2000 CDC recommends use of IPV instead of OPV (polio vaccine)

2002 GSK pulled Lymerix off the market

2002 Pediarix (penta-valent DtaP/HepB/IPV) licensed

2002 CDC encourages flu vaccine for children

2003 Inhaled flu vaccine (Flumist) being reviewed for approval by the FDA

2003 Smallpox vaccine for first-responders

https://web.archive.org/web/20030529035635/http://www.909shot.com/Timeline/timeline.htm

2004 Project BioShield, a $5.6 billion program, established to speed the development of medical treatments for the effects of biological and other unconventional weapons.

2007 Apr 25, 2007 (CIDRAP News) Health and Human Services (HHS) plan for developing and buying medical countermeasures against a range of biological, chemical, and other threats, with new anthrax and smallpox vaccines among the near-term priorities.

The 21-page implementation plan, released Apr 20 on the HHS Web site and in the Federal Register, details how the agency will acquire countermeasures against 14 threats on its priority list, which include nine category A biological agents, two category B biological agents, typhus, certain volatile nerve agents, and radiological and nuclear agents.

https://web.archive.org/web/20070708144558/http://www.mvrd.org/BioShieldArchives.cfm

Vaccine development is generally a long process, taking years to design, hone, and test, in addition to feedback loops in that development process.

• Anthrax Vaccines
• BCG Vaccines
• Coronavirus Vaccines include the COVID-19 Vaccines
• Dengue Vaccines
• Influenza Vaccines also known as Flu Vaccines
• Polio Vaccines
• SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines are generally referred to as COVID-19 Vaccines
• Shingles Vaccines
• Small Pox Vaccines

• Live Attenuated Virus Vaccines - Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella zoster

• Inactivated Vaccines - Hepatitis A, Influenza, Pneumococcal polysaccharide

• Recombinant DNA Vaccines - Hepatitis B

• Toxoid - Tetanus, Diphtheria

• Conjugate polysaccharide-protein - Pneumococcal, meningococcal, Haemophlius influenzea type b (Hib)

• mRNA Vaccines

Vaccines may contain either or both preservatives and adjuvants these lists are incomplete.

Preservatives may be used to prevent contamination of multi-dose containers: when a first dose of vaccine is extracted from a multi-dose container, a preservative will protect the remaining product from any bacteria that may be introduced into the container. In some cases,preservatives may be added during manufacture to prevent microbial contamination.

Phenol Typhoid, pneumococcal polysaccharide Benzethonium chloride Anthrax 2-phenoxyethanol Inactivated polio Thimerosal Multi-dose influenza

Adjuvants enhance the immune effect of the vaccine antigen, but do not themselves act as antigens. Aluminum salts are the mos commonly used adjuvant for vaccines.

Aluminum Salts Adjuvanted Vaccines - Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis combinations (DTaP orTdap), Pneumococcal conjugate,Japanese encephalitis

Aluminum salt or AS04 (aluminum salt and monophospholipid A) Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) MF59 (oil in water emulsion) [one vaccine] H1N1 influenza