COVID-19 Vaccine Associated Thrombosis

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. Thrombosis is of the most severe adverse effects of vaccines.

Concerning the immunological mechanism, it has been hypothesized as either an innate or humoral-mediated response, through the activation of B and T cells, could take part in the pathophysiological mechanism of thrombosis.^{1) 2) 3)}

Dr. Paul Alexander summarized proposed evidence linking thrombosis with covid-19 inoculations January 5, 2022, shown below⁴⁾:

Biswas et al⁵⁾: “High ACE2 expression in the endothelium of blood vessels facilitates the high-affinity binding of SARS-CoV-2 using spike protein, causing infection and internal injury inside the vascular wall of blood vessels. This viral associated injury may directly/indirectly initiate activation of coagulation and clotting cascades forming internal blood clots. However, the presence of these clots is undesirable as they are responsible for thrombosis and need to be treated with anti-thrombotic intervention.”

Magro et al⁶⁾: “At least a subset of sustained, severe COVID-19 may define a type of catastrophic microvascular injury syndrome mediated by activation of complement pathways and an associated procoagulant state.”

Lazebnik⁷⁾: A distinctive feature of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is its ability to efficiently fuse cells, thus producing syncytia found in COVID-19 patients. This commentary proposes how this ability enables spike to cause COVID-19 complications e.g. clotting as well as side effects of COVID-19 vaccines e.g. clotting, and suggests how these effects can be prevented.

Zhang et al⁸⁾: “Our findings uncovered a novel function of SARS-CoV-2 on platelet activation via binding of Spike to ACE2. SARS-CoV-2-induced platelet activation may participate in thrombus formation and inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients.”

Iba et al⁹⁾: “Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2/coronavirus disease 2019 frequently induces hypercoagulability with both microangiopathy and local thrombus formation, and a systemic coagulation defect that leads to large vessel thrombosis and major thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism in critically ill hospitalized patients. D-dimers and fibrinogen levels should be monitored, and all hospitalized patients should undergo thromboembolism prophylaxis with an increase in therapeutic anticoagulation in certain clinical situations.”

Ng et al¹⁰⁾: “It is also important to note that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection predisposes to an immuno-thrombogenic state, and a raised aPTT could also be due to the presence of a lupus anticoagulant. This has several clinical implications.”

Han et al¹¹⁾: “The values of D-dimer, fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), and fibrinogen (FIB) in all SARS-CoV-2 cases were substantially higher than those in healthy controls. Moreover, D-dimer and FDP values in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection were higher than those in patients with milder forms. Compared with healthy controls, prothrombin time activity (PT-act) was lower in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Thrombin time in critical SARS-CoV-2 patients was also shorter than that in controls. Conclusions The coagulation function in patients with SARS-CoV-2 is significantly deranged compared with healthy people, but monitoring D-dimer and FDP values may be helpful for the early identification of severe cases.”

Tang et al¹²⁾: “The present study shows that abnormal coagulation results, especially markedly elevated D-dimer and FDP are common in deaths with Novel coronavirus pneumonia.”

Zhang et al¹³⁾: “D-dimer on admission greater than 2.0 µg/mL (fourfold increase) could effectively predict in-hospital mortality in patients with Covid-19, which indicated D-dimer could be an early and helpful marker to improve management of Covid-19 patients.”

Naymagon et al¹⁴⁾: “Observational data suggest an acquired prothrombotic state may contribute to the pathophysiology of COVID-19. These data include elevated D-dimers observed among many COVID-19 patients.”

Paliogiannis et al¹⁵⁾: “Systematic review and meta-analysis showed that serum D-dimer concentrations in patients with severe COVID-19 are significantly higher when compared to those with non-severe forms.”

Rostami et al¹⁶⁾: “Studies have reported an increase in D-dimer and fibrinogen concentrations in the early stages of COVID-19 disease a 3 to 4-fold rise in D-dimer levels is linked to poor prognosis. In addition, underlying diseases such as diabetes, cancer, stroke, and pregnancy may trigger an increase in D-dimer levels in COVID-19 patients. Measuring the level of D-dimer and coagulation parameters from the early stage of the disease can also be useful in controlling and managing of COVID-19 disease.”

Favaloro ¹⁷⁾: “In suspected VITT, there is a generally highly elevated level of D-dimer, thrombocytopenia, and PF4 antibodies can be identified by ELISA-based assays, but not by other immunological assays typically positive in HITT. In addition, in some functional platelet activation assays, standard doses of heparin have been identified to inhibit activation in suspected VITT, but they tend to augment activation in HITT.”

Iba et al¹⁸⁾: “Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia is an unexpected consequence of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic era. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia is a serious complication of vaccination that is not feasible to anticipate or prevent. When the patient presents with sustained headache, neurologic symptoms/signs, abdominal pain, dyspnea, or limb pain/swelling beginning 5-30 days post vaccination, platelet count and d-dimer must be measured, and imaging for thrombosis performed. Confirmation of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia diagnosis should be ordered (platelet factor 4/polyanion enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; platelet factor 4-enhanced platelet activation testing) as treatment is initiated (nonheparin anticoagulation, IV immunoglobulin).”

Scully et al¹⁹⁾: “In the absence of previous prothrombotic medical conditions, 22 patients presented with acute thrombocytopenia and thrombosis, primarily cerebral venous thrombosis, and 1 patient presented with isolated thrombocytopenia and a hemorrhagic phenotype. All the patients had low or normal fibrinogen levels and elevated d-dimer levels at presentation.”

Thaler et al²⁰⁾: “Conclude that early initiation of VIPIT treatment results in a swift response without thrombotic complications.”

Perricone et al²¹⁾: “The occurrence of adverse events and autoimmune phenomena has been described following vaccination, and ITP may represent one of this.”

Perry et al²²⁾: “Cerebral venous thrombosis is more severe in the context of VITT. Non-heparin anticoagulants and immunoglobulin treatment might improve outcomes of VITT-associated cerebral venous thrombosis.”

Carli et al²³⁾: “Venous thromboembolic (VTE) complications have been consistently reported to be increased in SARS-CoV-2 infection, most probably as the results of a thrombophilic state secondary to inflammation and immune-thrombosis.”

Hadid et al²⁴⁾: “COVID-19 has become a pandemic in the United States and worldwide. COVID-19-induced coagulopathy (CIC) is commonly encountered at presentation manifested by considerable elevation of D-dimer and fibrin split products but with modest or no change in activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time. CIC is a complex process that is distinctly different from conventional sepsis-induced coagulopathy. The cytokine storm induced by COVID-19 infection appears to be more severe in COVID-19, resulting in development of extensive micro- and macrovascular thrombosis and organ failure.”

Levi et al²⁵⁾: “Many patients with severe COVID-19 present with coagulation abnormalities that mimic other systemic coagulopathies associated with severe infections, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or thrombotic microangiopathy, but COVID-19 has distinct features.”

Reuben et al²⁶⁾: “The rising cases of severe adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with COVID-19 vaccines including thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and in some instances, death have created serious global concerns and could enormously contribute to vaccine hesitancy.”

Di Micco et al²⁷⁾: “Vaccines against Covid-19, in fact, exert a protective action for common people and reduce viral diffusion. Yet, vaccination of a large number of people raises the question of a well-known complication of several types of vaccines; this complication is immune thrombocytopenia, which is sometimes associated with thrombosis as well.”

Aleem et al²⁸⁾: “A new clinical syndrome characterized by thrombosis at atypical sites combined with thrombocytopenia was observed in multiple patients’ days after vaccination. This novel clinical syndrome demonstrated striking similarities to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; however, in the absence of prior heparin exposure was named vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT).”

Cari et al²⁹⁾: “The immune reaction promoted by ChA vaccine may lead to not only thrombocytopenia and cerebral/splanchnic venous thrombosis but also other thrombotic and thromboembolic SAEs.”

Hippisley-Cox et al³⁰⁾: “Increased risks of haematological and vascular events that led to hospital admission or death were observed for short time intervals after first doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines.”

Three cases of acute venous thromboembolism in women after vaccination against COVID-19

Acute thrombosis of the coronary tree after vaccination against COVID-19

US case reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S (against covid-19), March 2 to April 21, 2020

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(21)00197-7/Portal vein thrombosis associated with ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine

Management of cerebral and splanchnic vein thrombosis associated with thrombocytopenia in subjects previously vaccinated with Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca): position statement of the Italian Society for the Study of Hemostasis and Thrombosis (SISET)

Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 vaccines

Covid-19 vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia: a commentary on an important and practical clinical dilemma

Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 viral vector vaccines

An emerging cause of splanchnic vein thrombosis:COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune-immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia

The roles of platelets in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (covid)

Roots of autoimmunity of thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination

Thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19

Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19

Post-mortem findings in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (covid-19)

Comparison of vaccine-induced thrombotic episodes between ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV.2.S vaccines

Hypothesis behind the very rare cases of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

Primary adrenal insufficiency associated with thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia induced by the Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (VITT)

Portal vein thrombosis occurring after the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome

Early results of bivalirudin treatment for thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S

Mechanisms of immunothrombosis in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) compared to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection

Prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination

Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia]: the dark chapter of a success story

Thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination:possible link to ACE pathways

Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia, a rare but severe case of friendly fire in the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic: What pathogenesis?

Thrombocytopenia and intracranial venous sinus thrombosis after exposure to the “AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine”

Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after messenger RNA vaccine -1273

First dose of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines and thrombocytopenic, thromboembolic, and hemorrhagic events in Scotland

PF4 immunoassays in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia

Antibody epitopes in vaccine-induced immune immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia

Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 vaccines

Immune thrombosis and thrombocytopenia (VITT) associated with the COVID-19 vaccine: diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for a new syndrome

Laboratory testing for suspicion of COVID-19 vaccine-induced thrombotic (immune) thrombocytopenia

Intracerebral haemorrhage due to thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination: the first fatal case in Korea

Risk of thrombocytopenia and thromboembolism after covid-19 vaccination and positive SARS-CoV-2 tests: self-controlled case series study

Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after covid-19 vaccination; a systematic review

Primary adrenal insufficiency associated with thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia induced by Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (VITT)

Thromboaspiration infusion and fibrinolysis for portomesenteric thrombosis after administration of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

59-year-old woman with extensive deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism 7 days after a first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine COVID-19

Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) following AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) COVID-19 vaccination: risk-benefit analysis for persons <60 years in Australia

Comparison of vaccine-induced thrombotic events between ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV.2.S vaccines

Bilateral superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis, ischemic stroke and immune thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19

Celiac artery and splenic artery thrombosis complicated by splenic infarction 7 days after the first dose of Oxford vaccine, causal relationship or coincidence

Primary adrenal insufficiency associated with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (VITT) vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia

Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after COVID-19 immunization

Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 viral vector vaccines

Thromboaspiration infusion and fibrinolysis for portomesenteric thrombosis after administration of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

Atypical thrombosis associated with the vaccine VaxZevria® (AstraZeneca)

Vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia with bilateral adrenal haemorrhage

Palmar digital vein thrombosis after Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination

Cutaneous thrombosis associated with cutaneous necrosis following Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination

Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after Messenger vaccine RNA-1273

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)

Thrombosis in unusual sites|Comparison of adverse drug reactions among four COVID-19 vaccines in Europe using the EudraVigilance database

Immunoglobulin adjuvant for vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia

Severe vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia following vaccination with COVID-19 an autopsy case report and review of the literature

Platelet activation and modulation in thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with the ChAdO × 1 nCov-19 vaccine

Report of the International Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Consortium on cerebral venous thrombosis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

Immune thrombocytopenia associated with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2

Secondary immune thrombocytopenia putatively attributable to COVID-19 vaccination

Immune thrombocytopenia following Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine

Newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccine administration

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and the Modern Covid-19 vaccine

Thrombocytopenia after Pfizer and Moderna SARS vaccination – CoV -2

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura and acute liver injury after COVID-19 vaccination

Carotid artery immune thrombosis induced by adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine: case report

The roles of platelets in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and vaccine-induced immune-immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis negative for anti-PF4 antibody without thrombocytopenia after immunization with COVID-19 vaccine in a non-comorbid elderly Indian male treated with conventional heparin-warfarin-based anticoagulation

Arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia and bleeding after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway: population-based cohort study

Procoagulant microparticles: a possible link between vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia (VITT) and cerebral sinus venous thrombosis

U.S. case reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S, March 2-April 21, 2021

Malignant cerebral infarction after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19: a catastrophic variant of vaccine-induced immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenia

Acute ischemic stroke revealing immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia induced by ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine: impact on recanalization strategy

Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VITT): a new clinicopathologic entity with heterogeneous clinical presentations

Imaging and hematologic findings in thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca)

Autoimmunity roots of thrombotic events after vaccination with COVID-19

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination: the UK experience

Cutaneous thrombosis associated with cutaneous necrosis following Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination

Myocardial infarction and azygos vein thrombosis after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in a hemodialysis patient

Refractory vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) treated with delayed therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE)

Rare case of COVID-19 vaccine-associated intracranial hemorrhage with venous sinus thrombosis

Delayed headache after COVID-19 vaccination: a warning sign for vaccine-induced cerebral venous thrombosis

Clinical features of vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia and immune thrombosis

Predictors of mortality in thrombotic thrombocytopenia after adenoviral COVID-19 vaccination: the FAPIC score

Ischemic stroke as a presenting feature of immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia induced by ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 vaccination

Endovascular treatment for vaccine-induced cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19: report of three cases

Possible triggers of thrombocytopenia and/or hemorrhage by BNT162b2 vaccine, Pfizer-BioNTech

Multiple sites of arterial thrombosis in a 35-year-old patient after vaccination with ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca), which required emergency femoral and carotid surgical thrombectomy

Case series of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia in a London teaching hospital

Neuro-ophthalmic complications with thrombocytopenia and thrombosis induced by ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine

Thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination in over 50 years of age: results of a population-based study in Italy

Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCOVID-19 vaccination in a pregnant woman

Age- and sex-specific incidence of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccination

Genital necrosis with cutaneous thrombosis following vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination

COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombosis with thrombocytopenia thrombosis (VITT) and shades of gray in thrombus formation

Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction secondary to vaccine-induced immune thrombosis with thrombocytopenia (VITT)

Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) after vaccination with AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) COVID-19: a risk-benefit analysis for persons <60% risk-benefit analysis for people <60 years in Australia

Characteristics and outcomes of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

Case study of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia syndrome after administration of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine

Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Associated with COVID-19 Vaccines

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis following vaccination with ChAdOx1: the first case of definite thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome in India

COVID-19 vaccine-associated thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS): systematic review and post hoc analysis

Concerns for adverse effects of thrombocytopenia and thrombosis after adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccination

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination: neurologic and radiologic management

Case report: cerebral sinus vein thrombosis in two patients with AstraZeneca SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

Vaccine-induced immune thrombosis and thrombocytopenia syndrome after adenovirus-vectored severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination: a new hypothesis on mechanisms and implications for future vaccine development

Thrombosis in peripheral artery disease and thrombotic thrombocytopenia following adenoviral COVID-19 vaccination

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombotic events after vector-based COVID-19 vaccines: systematic review and meta-analysis

Thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination: possible link to ACE pathways

Major artery thrombosis and vaccination against ChAdOx1 nCov-19

Understanding the risk of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination

Comments on thrombosis after vaccination: spike protein leader sequence could be responsible for thrombosis and antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia

Thrombosis in pre- and post-vaccination phase of COVID-19

Vaccine-associated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: venous endotheliopathy leading to combined venous micro-macrothrombosis

Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia syndrome causing isolated symptomatic carotid occlusion after COVID-19 Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen)

An unusual presentation of acute deep vein thrombosis after Modern COVID-19 vaccine: case report

Immediate high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins followed by direct treatment with thrombin inhibitors is crucial for survival in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia Sars-Covid-19-vector adenoviral VITT with venous thrombosis of the cerebral sinus and portal vein

Thrombosis formation after COVID-19 vaccination immunologic aspects: review article

Imaging and hematologic findings in thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca)

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination in a Taiwanese man: a case report and review of the literature

Fatal cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination

Autoimmune roots of thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination.

New portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: is thrombophilia exacerbated by vaccine or COVID-19.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA of BNT162b2.

A case of unusual mild clinical presentation of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia with splanchnic vein thrombosis

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis following vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 (BNT162b2)

A case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after a booster dose of COVID-19 BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-Biontech)

Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VITT): targeting pathologic mechanisms with Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Thromboembolic events in younger females exposed to Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna COVID-19 vaccines

Thrombosis after adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccination: a concern for underlying disease

Unusual site of deep vein thrombosis after vaccination against coronavirus mRNA-2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Deep venous thrombosis after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S in adult males.

Clinical and biological features of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19

CAd26.COV2-S vaccination may reveal hereditary thrombophilia: massive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a young man with normal platelet count

Post-mortem findings in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia

COVID-19 vaccine-induced thrombosis.

Inflammation and platelet activation after COVID-19 vaccines: possible mechanisms behind vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis.

Anaphylactoid reaction and coronary thrombosis related to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.

Occurrence of splenic infarction due to arterial thrombosis after vaccination with COVID-19

Deep venous thrombosis more than two weeks after COVID-19 vaccination

Information on ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenia

Management of a patient with a rare congenital limb malformation syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia (VITT)

Thrombocytopenia and splanchnic thrombosis after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S successfully treated with transjugular intrahepatic intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and thrombectomy

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Potential risk of thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca in women receiving estrogen

Thrombotic adverse events reported for Moderna, Pfizer, and Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines: comparison of occurrence and clinical outcomes in the EudraVigilance database

Predicted and observed incidence of thromboembolic events among Koreans vaccinated with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine

Three cases of acute venous thromboembolism in women after coronavirus 2019 vaccination

Shazley, O., & Alshazley, M. (2021). A COVID-Positive 52-Year-Old Man Presented With Venous Thromboembolism and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Following Johnson & Johnson Vaccination: A Case-Study. Cureus, 13(7), e16383. doi:10.7759/cureus.16383