Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is one of the most widely used medications in human history, with a long safety record and well understood risk profile. It has been used by tens or hundreds of millions of people during the COVID-19 pandemic.
It should be obvious that a study in which one person with COVID-19 take a medicine and another does not, and neither progresses to worse illness, that does not demonstrate “failure” of the medicine. Judgment of success or failure is in the eye of the beholder, always, in science. But as a principle, we are convinced by repetition and consistency of results, so the larger the pool of the results, the better. In inferential statistics, a study is said to be “powered” to demonstrate an effect size after a sufficient number (N) of participants are tested to achieve formal methodological parameters.
During the COVID-19 Pandemic, many studies were not sufficiently powered to test for effects of HCQ, but those treated with HCQ did better than those who did not. The media pronounces these trials as having “shown no effect” or said that HCQ “failed”, discouraging people from delving into the larger body of evidence or studying the treatments using HCQ any further.
The Recovery trial involved 11,000 patients and took place in over 175 hospitals in the United Kingdom. It was finance through grants from two British institutes: United Kingdom Medical Research and National Institute for Health Research.