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--- sars-cov-2:origins:genetic_engineering_hypothesis [2022/03/28 05:50]
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+++ sars-cov-2:origins:genetic_engineering_hypothesis [2022/11/13 02:50] (current)
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 ====== Genetic Engineering Hypotheses of SARS-CoV-2 Origins ======
 From essentially the outset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], some scientists have pointed to evidence that SARS-CoV-2 came about through [[:gain-of-function]] research. One of the first published papers on the origins of SARS-CoV-2 pointed out reasons to suspect the use of [[serial passage]] through an animal host or cell culture was likely.((August 12, 2020 | Sirotkin and Sirotkin | [[:BioEssays]] | [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.202000091|doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000091]]))
+===== Genetic Evidence of Engineering =====
+Early during the pandemic, scientists compared the SARS-CoV-2 genome to CoVs native to several species. SARS-CoV-2 was most similar per [[:nucleotide]] to bat CoVs, but more similar in [[:codon]] bias to snakes. Simiarity to CoVs from all observed species largely disappeared in the [[:spike protein]] portion of the genome, which is suggestive of a radical divergence from nature.((January 22, 2020 | Wei Ji et al | Journal of Medical Virology | Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV | [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.25682|https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25682]])) Karl and Dan Sirotkin published a paper critiquing [[:gain-of-function]] research and exploring molecular and genetic evidence pointing toward likely lab origins.((October, 2020 | Karl Sirotkin and Dan Sirotkin | Bioessays (journal) | Might SARS‐CoV‐2 Have Arisen via Serial Passage through an Animal Host or Cell Culture? | [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7435492/|doi: 10.1002/bies.202000091]]))
+A group of scientists tried and failed to recreate the furin cleavage site through infection.((July 20, 2022 | Adeno News | [[http://adeno-news.com/2022/07/20/scientists-struggles-to-recreate-the-sars-cov-2-furin-cleavage-site-through-infection/|Scientists struggles to recreate the SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site through infection]]))
+==== Statistical Evidence ====
+  * Preprint: Bruttel, Washburne, and VanDongen
+https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512756v1.full
 ===== Moderna Links =====
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 ===== Biological Attack (Sub)Hypothesis =====
 A long and detailed article published in [[State of the Nation]] lays out a case that [[:COVID-19]] was the result of a biological attack on [[:China]] by the U.S.((March 14, 2020 | [[State of the Nation]] | [[https://stateofthenation.co/?p=9167|COVID-19: A Biological Attack on China by the USA]]))
+==== Toxins ====
+Research report finding [[:toxin]]-like peptides similar to those in animal [[:venom]] (conotoxins, phospholipsases, phosphodiesterases, zinc metal proteinases, and bradykinins) were found in fecal samples from COVID-19 patients, but not in control patients.((October 14, 2021 | Carlo Brogna et al | F1000 Research (journal) | Toxin-like peptides in plasma, urine and faecal samples from COVID-19 patients | [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8772524/#|doi: 10.12688/f1000research.54306.2]]))