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-====== Ralph S. Baric, PhD ======+====== Ralph Baric ======
  
 {{ ::baric.jpeg?150|}} {{ ::baric.jpeg?150|}}
  
-Professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology\\+**Ralph S. Baric**, PhD is a Professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology\\
 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - Gillings School of Global Public Health\\ The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - Gillings School of Global Public Health\\
  
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 ==== Coronavirus Research  Timeline ==== ==== Coronavirus Research  Timeline ====
 +
 +=== 1992 ===
 +  * June 11, 1992 - Baric was part of a team that published research noting how rabbit coronavirus could cause [[heart]] and [[cardiovascular]] issue including [[cardiomyopathy]], [[myocardial fibrosis]], and [[congestive heart failure]].((June 11, 1992 | Lorraine Alexander et al | An Experimental Model for Dilated Cardiomyopathy after Rabbit Coronavirus Infection | [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7109931/pdf/166-5-978.pdf]]))
  
 === 2013 === === 2013 ===
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   * The first listed subcontractor is Professor [[Ralph Baric]], referencing his "two-decade track record of reverse-engineer CoV and other virus spike proteins."   * The first listed subcontractor is Professor [[Ralph Baric]], referencing his "two-decade track record of reverse-engineer CoV and other virus spike proteins."
  
 +==== Gillings School of Global Public Health 2018  ====
  
 +11:50 a.m. – 12:25 p.m.{{ ::baric_20_18_prevent_pandemic_conference.png?800|}}
 +“Imagining the Next Flu Pandemic – and Preventing it!”
 +Ralph Baric, PhD, Professor, Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health; Professor, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; UNC-Chapel Hill
 +
 +Ralph Baric, PhD, presides over one of the leading labs in the world and works on infectious diseases such as [[:SARS]], [[:MERS]], [[:Ebola]], [[:Zika]], [[:Dengue Fever]] and [[:influenza]], among others. In particular, Dr. Baric and his research team specialize in [[:coronaviruses]] and emerging infections. **He uses coronaviruses as models to study the genetics of RNA virus transcription, replication, persistence and cross-species transmission.** 
 +
 +Dr. Baric received the Innovation Award for Faculty Research at UNC in 2011, the Established Investigator Award from the [[:American Heart Association]] in 1994 and was selected as a Harvey Weaver Scholar by the [[:National Multiple Sclerosis Society]]. Dr. Baric uses molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches to decipher the complex interactions between the virion and cell surface molecules that function in the entry and cross-species transmission of positive-strand RNA viruses.
 +
 +Selected publications:
 +
 +      * MERS-CoV and H5N1 influenza virus antagonize antigen presentation by altering the epigenetic landscape. Menachery VD, Schäfer A, Burnum-Johnson KE, Mitchell HD, Eisfeld AJ, Walters KB, Nicora CD, Purvine SO, Casey CP, Monroe ME, Weitz KK, Stratton KG, Webb-Robertson BM, Gralinski LE, Metz TO, Smith RD, Waters KM, Sims AC, Kawaoka Y, Baric RS (2018). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(5), E1012-E1021.
 +  *     Neutralization mechanism of a highly potent antibody against Zika virus. S Zhang, V Kostyuchenko, T Ng, X Lim, J Ooi, S Lambert, T Tan, D Widman, J Shi, R Baric, S Lok (2016). Nature communications, 7.
 +  *     SARS-like WIV1-CoV poised for human emergence. V Menachery, B Yount, A Sims, K Debbink, S Agnihothram, L Gralinski, R Graham, T Scobey, J Plante, S Royal, J Swanstrom, T Sheahan, R Pickles, D Corti, S Randell, A Lanzavecchia, W Marasco, R Baric (2016). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
 +  *     A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. V Menachery, B Yount, K Debbink, S Agnihothram, L Gralinski, J Plante, R Graham, T Scobey, X Ge, E Donaldson, S Randell, A Lanzavecchia, W Marasco, Z Shi, R Baric (2015). Nature medicine, 21(12), 1508-13.
 +  *     Broad Blockade Antibody Responses in Human Volunteers after Immunization with a Multivalent Norovirus VLP Candidate Vaccine: Immunological Analyses from a Phase I Clinical Trial. Lisa Lindesmith, Martin Ferris, Clancy Mullan, Jennifer Ferreira, Kari Debbink, Jesica Swanstrom, Charles Richardson, Robert Goodwin, Frank Baehner, Paul Mendelman, Robert Bargatze, Ralph Baric (2015). PLoS Medicine, 12(3).
 +
 +12:25-12:40 p.m. - Moderated questions/discussion and wrap-up ((https://web.archive.org/web/20220908165230/https://sph.unc.edu/cphm/imagining-the-next-flu-pandemic-and-preventing-it/))
  
 ==== CoV Vaccine Research ==== ==== CoV Vaccine Research ====
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-===== Controversy During the COVID-19 Pandemic =====+===== Pandemics ===== 
 +Baric's career depends on funding associated with concern over [[pandemic|pandemics]], and [[biowarfare]]. 
 + 
 +==== Talks On Pandemics ==== 
 +  * Imagining the Next Flu Pandemic--and Preventing It!((April, 2018 | Ralph Baric | [[https://sph.unc.edu/nciph/1918-flu-symposium/|UNC Going Viral Conference]] | "Imagining the Next Flu Pandemic--and Preventing It!" | [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuERPvBFfco|Video at YouTube]])) 
 + 
 +==== Controversy During the COVID-19 Pandemic ====
  
-==== USRTK FOIA Archive ====+=== USRTK FOIA Archive ===
  
 Ralph Baric emails batch #1 (12.14.20) (83,416 pages). Dr. Ralph Baric’s emails with EcoHealth Alliance, Wuhan Institute of Virology, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and experts in biodefense and infectious diseases.((https://www.dropbox.com/sh/6fbnvgw2i2a2ksv/AADfQOIVnUTvN3pJLmjr8irEa?dl=0)) Ralph Baric emails batch #1 (12.14.20) (83,416 pages). Dr. Ralph Baric’s emails with EcoHealth Alliance, Wuhan Institute of Virology, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and experts in biodefense and infectious diseases.((https://www.dropbox.com/sh/6fbnvgw2i2a2ksv/AADfQOIVnUTvN3pJLmjr8irEa?dl=0))
  
-==== Congressional Investigation ==== +=== Congressional Investigation === 
 COVID Timeline with summary details at [[Peter Daszak]]. Full Report ((https://web.archive.org/web/20210802165023/https://gop-foreignaffairs.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/ORIGINS-OF-COVID-19-REPORT.pdf))  COVID Timeline with summary details at [[Peter Daszak]]. Full Report ((https://web.archive.org/web/20210802165023/https://gop-foreignaffairs.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/ORIGINS-OF-COVID-19-REPORT.pdf)) 
  
  
-==== Foreign Affairs Subcommittee Summary ====+=== Foreign Affairs Subcommittee Summary ===
 “As we continued our investigation into the origins of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], we uncovered even more disturbing evidence about the [[Chinese Communist Party]]’s (CCP) coverup and [[WHO Director General Tedros]]’s gross mishandling of the virus that allowed it to turn into a deadly pandemic,” said Lead Republican [[Michael McCaul]]. “It is crystal clear that had the CCP been transparent, and had the head of the WHO cared more about global health than appeasing the CCP, lives could have been spared and widespread economic devastation could have been mitigated. Revealing the truth is just the first step; we must hold both the CCP and WHO Director General Tedros accountable for the suffering they have allowed the world to endure.”((https://web.archive.org/web/20210803114834/https://gop-foreignaffairs.house.gov/blog/mccaul-releases-final-report-on-origins-of-covid-19-pandemic/ | McCaul Final Report)) “As we continued our investigation into the origins of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], we uncovered even more disturbing evidence about the [[Chinese Communist Party]]’s (CCP) coverup and [[WHO Director General Tedros]]’s gross mishandling of the virus that allowed it to turn into a deadly pandemic,” said Lead Republican [[Michael McCaul]]. “It is crystal clear that had the CCP been transparent, and had the head of the WHO cared more about global health than appeasing the CCP, lives could have been spared and widespread economic devastation could have been mitigated. Revealing the truth is just the first step; we must hold both the CCP and WHO Director General Tedros accountable for the suffering they have allowed the world to endure.”((https://web.archive.org/web/20210803114834/https://gop-foreignaffairs.house.gov/blog/mccaul-releases-final-report-on-origins-of-covid-19-pandemic/ | McCaul Final Report))
  
-=== Washington Post OpEd ===+== Washington Post OpEd ==
 New congressional report says covid-19 likely emerged in Wuhan months earlier than originally thought New congressional report says covid-19 likely emerged in Wuhan months earlier than originally thought
 by Josh Rogin Columnist by Josh Rogin Columnist
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 The Lancet commission on covid-19 removed Daszak from its team focusing on the origins of the pandemic after Daszak filed an updated conflict of interest statement about his collaboration with the Wuhan labs. McCaul wants him to be subpoenaed to testify and is demanding the EcoHealth Alliance hand over its relevant records to Congress.((https://web.archive.org/web/20210802234108/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/08/02/new-report-says-covid-emerged-in-wuhan-months-earlier/)) The Lancet commission on covid-19 removed Daszak from its team focusing on the origins of the pandemic after Daszak filed an updated conflict of interest statement about his collaboration with the Wuhan labs. McCaul wants him to be subpoenaed to testify and is demanding the EcoHealth Alliance hand over its relevant records to Congress.((https://web.archive.org/web/20210802234108/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/08/02/new-report-says-covid-emerged-in-wuhan-months-earlier/))
  
-==== Lab Leak Coverup ====+=== Lab Leak Coverup ===
  
 In April 2021, in an editorial in the journal Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Shi resorted to a familiar tactic to contain the cloud of suspicion enveloping her: She invoked scientific consensus, just as the Lancet statement had. “The scientific community strongly dismisses these unproven and misleading speculations and generally accepts that SARS-CoV-2 has a natural origin and was selected either in an animal host before zoonotic transfer, or in humans following zoonotic transfer,” she wrote. In April 2021, in an editorial in the journal Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Shi resorted to a familiar tactic to contain the cloud of suspicion enveloping her: She invoked scientific consensus, just as the Lancet statement had. “The scientific community strongly dismisses these unproven and misleading speculations and generally accepts that SARS-CoV-2 has a natural origin and was selected either in an animal host before zoonotic transfer, or in humans following zoonotic transfer,” she wrote.
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 Among the signers was Ralph Baric. Fifteen months earlier, he had worked behind the scenes to help Peter Daszak stage-manage the Lancet statement. The scientific consensus had been smashed to smithereens.((https://web.archive.org/web/20210603100523/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/06/the-lab-leak-theory-inside-the-fight-to-uncover-covid-19s-origins)) Among the signers was Ralph Baric. Fifteen months earlier, he had worked behind the scenes to help Peter Daszak stage-manage the Lancet statement. The scientific consensus had been smashed to smithereens.((https://web.archive.org/web/20210603100523/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/06/the-lab-leak-theory-inside-the-fight-to-uncover-covid-19s-origins))
  
-==== Biosafety at University of North Carolina (UNC) ====+=== Biosafety at University of North Carolina (UNC) ===
  
  
-=== Engineered COVID-19-Infected Mouse Bites Researcher Amid ‘Explosion’ of Risky Coronavirus Research ===+== Engineered COVID-19-Infected Mouse Bites Researcher Amid ‘Explosion’ of Risky Coronavirus Research ==
 by Jonathan Latham August 17, 2020  by Jonathan Latham August 17, 2020 
  
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 In part this is because the minutes of the relevant IBC meeting (May 6th, 2020, p109) are extremely brief. They do not provide any details of the fate of the bitten researcher. Nor do they state, for example, whether the researcher developed an active infection, nor whether they developed symptoms, nor if they transmitted the recombinant virus to anyone else. Neither do they reveal what kind of [[recombinant virus]] was being used or the purpose of the experiment. ((https://web.archive.org/web/20220120184413/https://www.independentsciencenews.org/news/engineered-covid-19-infected-mouse-bites-researcher-amid-explosion-of-risky-coronavirus-research/)) In part this is because the minutes of the relevant IBC meeting (May 6th, 2020, p109) are extremely brief. They do not provide any details of the fate of the bitten researcher. Nor do they state, for example, whether the researcher developed an active infection, nor whether they developed symptoms, nor if they transmitted the recombinant virus to anyone else. Neither do they reveal what kind of [[recombinant virus]] was being used or the purpose of the experiment. ((https://web.archive.org/web/20220120184413/https://www.independentsciencenews.org/news/engineered-covid-19-infected-mouse-bites-researcher-amid-explosion-of-risky-coronavirus-research/))
  
-=== Redactions of Biosafety Committee discussions ===+== Redactions of Biosafety Committee discussions ==
  
 The second reason for this lack of information is that the UNC redacted the names of [[Principal Investigators]] (PIs) whose research required biosafety scrutiny, along with many of the experimental specifics. The second reason for this lack of information is that the UNC redacted the names of [[Principal Investigators]] (PIs) whose research required biosafety scrutiny, along with many of the experimental specifics.
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-==== Wuhan BSL Connection ====+=== Wuhan BSL Connection ===
 Inside the risky bat-virus engineering that links America to Wuhan Inside the risky bat-virus engineering that links America to Wuhan
 China emulated US techniques to construct novel coronaviruses in unsafe conditions. China emulated US techniques to construct novel coronaviruses in unsafe conditions.
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 Unnoticed by most, however, was a key difference that significantly shifted the risk calculation. The Chinese work was carried out at biosafety level 2 (BSL-2), a much lower tier than Baric’s BSL-3+.((https://web.archive.org/web/20220207131353/https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/29/1027290/gain-of-function-risky-bat-virus-engineering-links-america-to-wuhan)) Unnoticed by most, however, was a key difference that significantly shifted the risk calculation. The Chinese work was carried out at biosafety level 2 (BSL-2), a much lower tier than Baric’s BSL-3+.((https://web.archive.org/web/20220207131353/https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/29/1027290/gain-of-function-risky-bat-virus-engineering-links-america-to-wuhan))
-==== Did Ralph Baric of UNC Design Omicron? ====+ 
 +=== Did Ralph Baric of UNC Design Omicron? ===
 "COVID Bioweapon Against Mice" Patent 11225508 "COVID Bioweapon Against Mice" Patent 11225508
 March 30, 2022 by Igor Chudov  March 30, 2022 by Igor Chudov 
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 9. Anna LoBue (Micro) PhD 2008 9. Anna LoBue (Micro) PhD 2008
 10. Eric Donaldson (Micro) PhD 2008 10. Eric Donaldson (Micro) PhD 2008
-11. Timothy Sheehan (Micro) PhD 2008+11. Timothy Sheehan (Micro) PhD 2008 ((https://web.archive.org/web/20200329095613/https://media-speakerfile-pre.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/cc4e5e5d442320c20c7f76a0c3cadce51445358867.pdf)) 
 + 
 +===== Ralph Baric Patents Filed ===== 
 + 
 +=== 2006=== 
 + 
 +Publication number: 20060240530 
 +Abstract: The present invention provides a cDNA of a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, recombinant SARS coronavirus vectors, and SARS coronavirus replicon particles. Also provided are methods of making the compositions of this invention and methods of using the compositions as immunogens and/or vaccines and/or to express heterologous nucleic acids. 
 +Type: Application 
 +Filed: January 19, 2006 
 +Inventors: Ralph Baric, Rhonda Roberts, Boyd Yount, Kristopher Curtis   
 + 
 +=== 2014 === 
 + 
 +Methods and compositions for dengue virus vaccines 
 +Patent number: 10053493 
 +Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods of use comprising a chimeric dengue virus E glycoprotein comprising a dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone, which comprises amino acid substitutions that introduce an epitope that is recognized by an antibody from a dengue virus serotype that is different from the dengue virus serotype of the dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone. 
 +Type: Grant 
 +Filed: June 26, 2014 
 +Date of Patent: August 21, 2018 
 +Assignee: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 
 +Inventors: William Messer, Ralph Baric, Aravinda de Silva, Boyd Yount 
 + 
 + 
 +METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR CORONAVIRUS DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPEUTICS 
 +Publication number: 20160238601 
 +Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions for detecting a coronavirus in a sample and identifying the subgroup of the coronavirus in the sample. 
 +Type: Application 
 +Filed: October 14, 2014 
 +Publication date: August 18, 2016 
 +Inventors: Ralph Baric, Sudhakar Agnihothram, Boyd Yount 
 + 
 +=== 2015 === 
 + 
 + 
 +Methods and compositions for recombinant dengue viruses for vaccine and diagnostic development 
 +Patent number: 10398768 
 +Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods of use comprising a chimeric dengue virus E glycoprotein comprising a dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone, which comprises amino acid substitutions that introduce an epitope that is recognized by an antibody from a dengue virus serotype that is different from the dengue virus serotype of the dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone. 
 +Type: Grant 
 +Filed: November 2, 2015 
 +Date of Patent: September 3, 2019 
 +Assignee: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 
 +Inventors: Ralph Baric, Douglas Widman, Boyd Yount, Emily Gallichotte, Scott Royal, Aravinda Desilva, Jesica Swanstrom 
 + 
 + 
 +Methods and compositions for chimeric coronavirus spike proteins 
 +Patent number: 9884895 
 +Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods comprising a chimeric coronavirus spike protein. 
 +Type: Grant 
 +Filed: March 20, 2015 
 +Date of Patent: February 6, 2018 
 +Assignee: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 
 +Inventors: Ralph Baric, Sudhakar Agnihothram, Boyd Yount 
 + 
 + 
 +METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR RECOMBINANT DENGUE VIRUSES FOR VACCINE AND DIAGNOSTIC DEVELOPMENT 
 +Publication number: 20170333548 
 +Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods of use comprising a chimeric dengue virus E glycoprotein comprising a dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone, which comprises amino acid substitutions that introduce an epitope that is recognized by an antibody from a dengue virus serotype that is different from the dengue virus serotype of the dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone. 
 +Type: Application 
 +Filed: November 2, 2015 
 +Publication date: November 23, 2017 
 +Inventors: Ralph Baric, Douglas Widman, Boyd Yount, Emily Gallichotte, Scott Royal, Aravinda Desilva, Jesica Swanstrom 
 + 
 + 
 +METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR CHIMERIC CORONAVIRUS SPIKE PROTEINS 
 +Publication number: 20170096455 
 +Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods comprising a chimeric coronavirus spike protein. 
 +Type: Application 
 +Filed: March 20, 2015 
 +Publication date: April 6, 2017 
 +Applicant: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 
 +Inventors: Ralph Baric, Sudhakar Agnihothram, Boyd Yount 
 + 
 + 
 +Methods and compositions for recombinant dengue viruses for vaccine and diagnostic development 
 +Patent number: 10398768 
 +Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods of use comprising a chimeric dengue virus E glycoprotein comprising a dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone, which comprises amino acid substitutions that introduce an epitope that is recognized by an antibody from a dengue virus serotype that is different from the dengue virus serotype of the dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone. 
 +Type: Grant 
 +Filed: November 2, 2015 
 +Date of Patent: September 3, 2019 
 +Assignee: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 
 +Inventors: Ralph Baric, Douglas Widman, Boyd Yount, Emily Gallichotte, Scott Royal, Aravinda Desilva, Jesica Swanstrom 
 + 
 +=== 2018 === 
 + 
 +Methods and compositions for dengue virus vaccines 
 +Patent number: 10870682 
 +Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods of use comprising a chimeric dengue virus E glycoprotein comprising a dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone, which comprises amino acid substitutions that introduce an epitope that is recognized by an antibody from a dengue virus serotype that is different from the dengue virus serotype of the dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone. 
 +Type: Grant 
 +Filed: August 20, 2018 
 +Date of Patent: December 22, 2020 
 +Assignee: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 
 +Inventors: William Messer, Ralph Baric, Aravinda de Silva, Boyd Yount 
 + 
 + 
 +METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR DENGUE VIRUS SEROTYPE 4 EPITOPES 
 +Publication number: 20200155663 
 +Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods of use comprising a chimeric dengue virus E glycoprotein comprising a dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone, which comprises amino acid substitutions that introduce a dengue virus E glycoprotein epitope from a dengue virus serotype that is different from the dengue virus serotype of the dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone. 
 +Type: Application 
 +Filed: May 23, 2018 
 +Publication date: May 21, 2020 
 +Inventors: Ralph BARIC, Matthew BEGLEY, Douglas WIDMAN, Aravinda DESILVA, Usha NIVARTHI, Boyd YOUNT, Ellen YOUNG 
 + 
 + 
 +METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR DENGUE VIRUS VACCINES 
 +Publication number: 20190225654 
 +Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods of use comprising a chimeric dengue virus E glycoprotein comprising a dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone, which comprises amino acid substitutions that introduce an epitope that is recognized by an antibody from a dengue virus serotype that is different from the dengue virus serotype of the dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone. 
 +Type: Application 
 +Filed: August 20, 2018 
 +Publication date: July 25, 2019 
 +Inventors: William Messer, Ralph Baric, Aravinda de Silva, Boyd Yount 
  
 +METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR ZIKA VIRUS VACCINES
 +Publication number: 20190023745
 +Abstract: The present invention methods and compositions for treating a Zika virus infection in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody against Zika virus and/or an epitope that induces an immune response to Zika virus.
 +Type: Application
 +Filed: July 19, 2018
 +Publication date: January 24, 2019
 +Inventors: Ralph Baric, Jessica A. Plante, Jesica Swanstrom, Matthew Begley
  
-https://web.archive.org/web/20200329095613/https://media-speakerfile-pre.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/cc4e5e5d442320c20c7f76a0c3cadce51445358867.pdf+=== 2019 ===
  
 +METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR RECOMBINANT DENGUE VIRUSES FOR VACCINE AND DIAGNOSTIC DEVELOPMENT
 +Publication number: 20200230224
 +Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods of use comprising a chimeric dengue virus E glycoprotein comprising a dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone, which comprises amino acid substitutions that introduce an epitope that is recognized by an antibody from a dengue virus serotype that is different from the dengue virus serotype of the dengue virus E glycoprotein backbone.
 +Type: Application
 +Filed: August 29, 2019
 +Publication date: July 23, 2020
 +Inventors: Ralph Baric, Douglas Widman, Boyd Yount, Emily Gallichotte, Scott Royal, Aravinda Desilva, Jesica Swanstrom ((https://web.archive.org/web/20210214225023/https://patents.justia.com/inventor/ralph-baric))
  
 +{{tag>Pro-narrative_scientists}}
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