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history_of_vaccines [2021/11/18 20:42] pamela [History of Vaccines] | history_of_vaccines [2021/11/21 00:44] (current) pamela [History of Vaccines] | ||
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World Health Organization. Immunization, | World Health Organization. Immunization, | ||
https:// | https:// | ||
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+ | ===How Do Vaccines Work=== | ||
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+ | When inactivated or weakened disease-causing microorganisms enter the body, they initiate an immune response. | ||
+ | [[WHO]] VACCINE FACT BOOK - 2011 | ||
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+ | ===Timeline Vaccine Approvals=== | ||
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+ | **1905** | ||
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+ | **1906 to 1928** | ||
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+ | **1944** | ||
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+ | **1947** | ||
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+ | **1955** | ||
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+ | **1961** | ||
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+ | **1963** | ||
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+ | **1959 to 1968** | ||
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+ | **1969** | ||
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+ | **1971** | ||
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+ | **1972** | ||
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+ | **1981** | ||
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+ | **1983 to 1985** | ||
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+ | **1986** | ||
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+ | **1986** | ||
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+ | **1987** | ||
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+ | **1988** | ||
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+ | **1988** | ||
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+ | **1990** | ||
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+ | **1991** | ||
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+ | **1993** | ||
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+ | **1995** | ||
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+ | **1996** | ||
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+ | **1996** | ||
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+ | **1998** | ||
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+ | **early 1998** | ||
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+ | **Aug. 1998** | ||
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+ | **Oct. 1999** | ||
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+ | **1999/ | ||
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+ | **2000** | ||
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+ | **2000** | ||
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+ | **2002** | ||
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+ | **2002** | ||
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+ | **2002** CDC encourages flu vaccine for children | ||
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+ | **2003** | ||
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+ | **2003** | ||
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+ | https:// | ||
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+ | **2004** [[Project BioShield]], | ||
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+ | **2007** Apr 25, 2007 (CIDRAP News) Health and Human Services (HHS) plan for developing and buying medical countermeasures against a range of biological, chemical, and other threats, with new [[anthrax]] and [[smallpox vaccines]] among the near-term priorities. | ||
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+ | The 21-page implementation plan, released Apr 20 on the HHS Web site and in the Federal Register, details how the agency will **acquire countermeasures against 14 threats on its priority list**, which include nine category A biological agents, two category B biological agents, typhus, certain volatile nerve agents, and radiological and nuclear agents. | ||
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+ | https:// | ||
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==== Vaccine Technological Development ==== | ==== Vaccine Technological Development ==== | ||
Vaccine development is generally a long process, taking years to design, hone, and test, in addition to feedback loops in that development process. | Vaccine development is generally a long process, taking years to design, hone, and test, in addition to feedback loops in that development process. | ||
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=== Vaccines by Technological Type === | === Vaccines by Technological Type === | ||
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- | * [[DNA Vaccines]] | + | |
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+ | * [[Inactivated Vaccines]] - Hepatitis A, Influenza, Pneumococcal polysaccharide | ||
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+ | * [[Recombinant | ||
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+ | * [[Toxoid]] - Tetanus, Diphtheria | ||
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+ | * [[Conjugate polysaccharide-protein]] - Pneumococcal, | ||
* [[mRNA Vaccines]] | * [[mRNA Vaccines]] | ||
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+ | ===Vaccine Preservatives and Adjuvants=== | ||
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+ | Vaccines may contain either or both preservatives and adjuvants these lists are incomplete. | ||
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+ | [[Preservatives]] may be used to prevent contamination of multi-dose containers: when a first dose of vaccine is extracted from a multi-dose container, a preservative will protect the remaining product from any bacteria | ||
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+ | Phenol Typhoid, pneumococcal polysaccharide | ||
+ | Benzethonium chloride [[Anthrax]] | ||
+ | 2-phenoxyethanol [[Inactivated polio]] | ||
+ | [[Thimerosal]] Multi-dose influenza | ||
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+ | [[Adjuvants]] enhance the immune effect of the vaccine [[antigen]], | ||
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+ | **Aluminum Salts** [[Adjuvanted Vaccines]] - Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis combinations (DTaP orTdap), Pneumococcal conjugate, | ||
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+ | **Aluminum salt or AS04 (aluminum salt and monophospholipid A)** [[Human Papilloma Virus]] | ||
+ | (HPV) | ||
+ | **MF59 (oil in water emulsion) [one vaccine]** | ||
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+ |