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| ====== World Health Organization ====== | ====== World Health Organization ====== | ||
| - | {{ :world-health-organization-vector-logo.png?200|}} | + | {{ ::whologo.png?200|}} |
| + | |||
| + | The **World Health Organization (WHO)** is a supra-national organization based in [[switzerland: | ||
| ===== History ===== | ===== History ===== | ||
| - | Canada joined the WHO on August 29, 1946.((// | + | ==== Formation and early days ==== |
| + | |||
| + | [[Canada]] joined the WHO on August 29, 1946.((// | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Public Health Emergencies of International Concern ==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | On May 5, 2014, Director-General [[Margaret Chan]] declared the international spread of [[polio]] a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]] (PHEIC). The PHEIC declaration has remained in effect as of the most recent emergency committee meeting in June 2022.((// | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Affiliations ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Funding ==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The WHO is funded by national governments (" | ||
| + | |||
| + | Additionally, | ||
| + | |||
| + | === COVID-19 === | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[ACT-Accelerator]] | ||
| + | * [[COVAX]] | ||
| + | * [[COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund]] | ||
| + | * [[Solidarity Trial]] | ||
| + | * [[UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Donors ==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Organizations that have funded the WHO in the last several years include: | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP column col4> | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Adimmune]] | ||
| + | * [[Africa Re Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[African Development Bank Group]] | ||
| + | * [[African Field Epidemiology Network]] (AFENET) | ||
| + | * [[African Union - United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur]] (UNAMID) | ||
| + | * [[Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development]] (ACTED) | ||
| + | * [[Al Jazeera Media Network]] | ||
| + | * [[Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research]] (AHPSR) | ||
| + | * [[Alwaleed Philanthropies]] | ||
| + | * [[Amazon Web Services]] | ||
| + | * [[American Psychological Association]] (APA) | ||
| + | * [[American Speech-Language-Hearing Association]] (ASHA) | ||
| + | * [[Americans for UNFPA]] | ||
| + | * [[amfAR, the Foundation for AIDS Research]] | ||
| + | * [[ANESVAD Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[AO Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Apple]] | ||
| + | * [[Applied Information Sciences]] | ||
| + | * [[Arab Gulf Programme for United Nations Development Organizations]] (AGFUND) | ||
| + | * [[Asia-Europe Foundation]] (ASEF) | ||
| + | * [[Asian Development Bank]] | ||
| + | * [[Asian Liver Center]] at [[Stanford University]] | ||
| + | * [[Association for Reproductive and Family Health]] (ARFH) | ||
| + | * [[Austism Speaks]] | ||
| + | * [[Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations]] (AFAO) | ||
| + | * [[Australian Red Cross Blood Service]] (ARCBS) | ||
| + | * [[Australian Respiratory Council]] | ||
| + | * [[Bank of America Fondation Madagascar]] | ||
| + | * [[Barcelona Institute for Global Health]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[BBC Global News]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[medical_technology_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Bernard van Leer Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[The Big Heart Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Bloomberg Philanthropies]] | ||
| + | * [[Borrow Dental Milk Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Boston Consulting Group]] | ||
| + | * [[Bridges to Development]] | ||
| + | * [[Brien Holden Vision Institute]] (BHVI) | ||
| + | * [[Brighton Collaboration Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Carter Center]] | ||
| + | * [[Catholic Relief Services]] | ||
| + | * [[CBM]] | ||
| + | * [[CDC Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Central European Initiative]] | ||
| + | * [[Centre for Ageing Better]] | ||
| + | * [[Chemo Ibérica]] | ||
| + | * [[Chiba University]] | ||
| + | * [[Children' | ||
| + | * [[China Medical Board]] | ||
| + | * [[China Population Welfare Foundation]] (CPWF) | ||
| + | * [[Christian Medical College Vellore]] (CMC) | ||
| + | * [[Cipla Health]] | ||
| + | * [[Clarke Mosquito]] | ||
| + | * [[Clean Air Fund]] | ||
| + | * [[Clinton Health Access Initiative]] | ||
| + | * [[Conba Group Co.]] | ||
| + | * [[Covanta]] | ||
| + | * [[COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund]] | ||
| + | * [[Crown Agents]] | ||
| + | * [[David and Lucile Packard Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Deb Worldwide Healthcare]] | ||
| + | * [[Delft University of Technology]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[medical_technology_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Diversey]] | ||
| + | * [[Doris Duke Charitable Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative]] (DNDi) | ||
| + | * [[Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia]] (ERIA) | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Eleanor Crook Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Elizabeth Taylor Aids Foundation]] (ETAF) | ||
| + | * [[Elrha]] | ||
| + | * [[Emergency Architecture & Human Rights]] (EAHR) | ||
| + | * [[Emirates Red Crescent]] | ||
| + | * [[End Fund]] | ||
| + | * [[Environmental Systems Research Institute]] (ESRI) | ||
| + | * [[European Commission]] | ||
| + | * [[European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership]] | ||
| + | * [[European Health Management Association]] (EHMA) | ||
| + | * [[European Hearing Instrument Manufacturers Association]] (EHIMA) | ||
| + | * [[European Investment Bank]] | ||
| + | * [[European Respiratory Society]] (ERS) | ||
| + | * [[European Society for Medical Oncology]] | ||
| + | * [[Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases]] (ESPEN) | ||
| + | * [[Facebook]] | ||
| + | * [[Famine Relief Fund]] | ||
| + | * [[FHI 360]] | ||
| + | * [[FIA Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[FIFA]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Fondation Botnar]] | ||
| + | * [[Fondation d' | ||
| + | * [[Fondation des Immeubles pour les Organisations Interrnationales]] (FIPOI) | ||
| + | * [[Fondation Mérieux]] | ||
| + | * [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) | ||
| + | * [[Ford Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics]] (FIND) | ||
| + | * [[Fred Hollows Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[French National Cancer Institute]] | ||
| + | * [[Gates Ventures]] | ||
| + | * [[Gavi|Gavi, | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Gharda Chemicals]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[GitHub]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Global Antibiotic Research & Development Partnership]] (CARGDP) | ||
| + | * [[Global Disability Innovation Hub]] | ||
| + | * [[Global Fund]] | ||
| + | * [[Global Health Workforce Alliance]] | ||
| + | * [[Gojo Industries]] | ||
| + | * [[Google]] | ||
| + | * [[Government of Catalonia]] | ||
| + | * [[Government of Flanders]] | ||
| + | * [[Grand Challenges Canada]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health]] | ||
| + | * [[HackerOne]] | ||
| + | * [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]] | ||
| + | * [[HD Hudson]] | ||
| + | * [[Health Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Health Service Executive]] (HSE) | ||
| + | * [[Hearing Conservation Council]] (HCC) | ||
| + | * [[Hepatitis Fund]] | ||
| + | * [[Hilfsaktion Noma]] | ||
| + | * [[china: | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine]] | ||
| + | * [[Innovation Norway]] | ||
| + | * [[Instabug]] | ||
| + | * L' | ||
| + | * [[Instituto Superiore di Sanità]] | ||
| + | * [[Interbrand]] | ||
| + | * [[International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness]] (IAPB) | ||
| + | * [[International AIDS Society]] (IAS) | ||
| + | * [[International Company for Medical Necessities]] | ||
| + | * [[International Computing Centre]] (ICC) | ||
| + | * [[International Development Association]] | ||
| + | * [[International Development Law Organization]] | ||
| + | * [[International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering]] (IFMBE) | ||
| + | * [[International Federation of Anthroposophic Medical Associations]] | ||
| + | * [[International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations]] | ||
| + | * [[International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations]] (IFPMA) | ||
| + | * [[International Foundation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies]] (IFOS) | ||
| + | * [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) | ||
| + | * [[International League Against Epilepsy]] | ||
| + | * [[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM) | ||
| + | * [[International Society of Audiology]] | ||
| + | * [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) | ||
| + | * [[International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease]] (IUATLD) | ||
| + | * [[International Vaccine Institute]] (IVI) | ||
| + | * [[International Water Association]] (IWA) | ||
| + | * [[INTOSAI Development Initiative]] (IDI) | ||
| + | * [[Islamic Development Bank]] | ||
| + | * [[Israeli Fund for UNICEF]] (IFU) | ||
| + | * [[Japan Hospital Association]] (JHA) | ||
| + | * [[Japanese Association of Psychiatric Hospitals]] | ||
| + | * [[Jhpiego]] | ||
| + | * [[medical_technology_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Johann Jacobs Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health]] | ||
| + | * [[Johns Hopkins University]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS) | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Kanazawa University]] | ||
| + | * [[Kantar]] | ||
| + | * [[Karolinska Institute]] | ||
| + | * [[King Baudouin Foundation United States]] (KBFUS) | ||
| + | * [[King' | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Korean Foundation for International Healthcare]] | ||
| + | * [[La Trobe University]] | ||
| + | * [[Laerdal Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Latter-Day Saints Charities]] | ||
| + | * [[Light for the World]] | ||
| + | * [[Lillian Lincoln Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Lions Club International Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]] | ||
| + | * [[china: | ||
| + | * [[Mada - Assistive Technology Center Qatar]] | ||
| + | * [[Madrilenian Health Service]] (SERMAS) | ||
| + | * [[Mahidol University]] | ||
| + | * [[March of Dimes Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Marius Nasta National Institute for Pneumology]] | ||
| + | * [[McKinsey & Company]] | ||
| + | * [[Mectizan Donation Programme]] (MDP) | ||
| + | * [[Medicines Development for Global Health]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Mental Health Commission of Canada]] (MHCC) | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Micronutrient Initiative]] | ||
| + | * [[Microsoft]] | ||
| + | * [[Monash University]] | ||
| + | * [[Mundo Sano]] | ||
| + | * [[National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center]] | ||
| + | * [[National Philanthropic Trust]] | ||
| + | * [[National University of Ireland Galway]] | ||
| + | * [[National University of Singapore]] | ||
| + | * [[New Sunshine Charity Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[New Venture Fund]] | ||
| + | * [[Nippon Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Norwegian Institute of Public Health]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Oil Search Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[OPEC Fund for International Development]] (OFID) | ||
| + | * [[Open Society Foundations]] | ||
| + | * [[Open Society Institute]] | ||
| + | * [[Options Consultancy Services]] | ||
| + | * [[Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development]] (OECD) | ||
| + | * [[Organisation for the Prevention of Blindness]] | ||
| + | * [[P&P Patents and Technologies]] | ||
| + | * [[Pacific Islands Health Officers Association]] (PIHOA) | ||
| + | * [[Palestine]] | ||
| + | * [[PandemicTech]] | ||
| + | * [[Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health]] | ||
| + | * [[PAS Center]] | ||
| + | * [[PATH]] | ||
| + | * [[Paul G. Allen Family Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity]] | ||
| + | * [[Philippine Business for Social Progress]] | ||
| + | * [[Population Action International]] (PAI) | ||
| + | * [[Population Services International]] (PSI) | ||
| + | * [[Portuguese Institute of Sports and Youth]] (IPDJ) | ||
| + | * [[Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research]] (PIK) | ||
| + | * [[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] | ||
| + | * [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] | ||
| + | * [[Program for Appropriate Technology in Health]] (PATH) | ||
| + | * [[Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development]] | ||
| + | * [[medical_technology_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Quadram Institute]] | ||
| + | * [[RAND Corporation]] | ||
| + | * [[Reckitt Benckiser]] | ||
| + | * [[Regions for Health Network]] | ||
| + | * [[Rehabilitation International]] | ||
| + | * [[Research in Advanced Medical Informatics and Telematics]] (RAMIT) | ||
| + | * [[Research Institute for Microbial Diseases]] (RIMD) | ||
| + | * [[Research4Life]] | ||
| + | * [[Restream]] | ||
| + | * [[Robert Koch Institute]] | ||
| + | * [[Robert Wood Johnson Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Rockefeller Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Romanian Angel Appeal]] | ||
| + | * [[Rotary International]] | ||
| + | * [[Rotary Japan]] | ||
| + | * [[Royal Tropical Institute]] | ||
| + | * [[Sabin Vaccine Institute]] (SVI) | ||
| + | * [[Safaricom Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Sanofi Espoir Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Sasakawa Health Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Save the Children]] | ||
| + | * [[Save the Children UK]] | ||
| + | * [[SC Johnson]] | ||
| + | * [[Sclavo Vaccines Association]] | ||
| + | * Secretariat of the [[Pacific Community]] (SPC) | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Sightsavers]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Snyk]] | ||
| + | * [[South African Medical Research Council]] | ||
| + | * [[Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance]] (SEATCA) | ||
| + | * [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) Secretariat | ||
| + | * [[Sprinklr]] | ||
| + | * [[St. Jude Children' | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Standard Chartered Bank]] | ||
| + | * [[Susan Thompson Buffett Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Swiss Philanthropy Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Tableau Software]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[Task Force for Global Health]] | ||
| + | * [[Tetra Pak]] | ||
| + | * [[Thai Health Promotion Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[TikTok]] | ||
| + | * [[True Colours Trust]] (TCT) | ||
| + | * [[Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York]] | ||
| + | * [[Twitter]] | ||
| + | * [[pharmaceutical_companies: | ||
| + | * [[UN Women]] | ||
| + | * [[UNFCU Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[UNICEF]] | ||
| + | * [[UNICEF USA]] | ||
| + | * [[Union Nationale des Caisses d' | ||
| + | * [[Unitaid]] | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund]] (CERF) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] (UNDESA) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] (UNECE) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Educational, | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Fund for International Partnerships]] (UNFIP) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Institute for Training and Research]] (UNITAR) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali]] | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Office for Project Services]] (UNOPS) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (UNOCHA) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] (UNODC) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Partnership on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]] (UNPRPD) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Peace and Development Trust Fund]] (UNPDF) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Population Fund]] (UNFPA) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Postal Administration]] (UNPA) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security]] (UNTFHS) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations University Institute for Global Health]] (UNU-IIGH) | ||
| + | * [[United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research]] (UNU-WIDER) | ||
| + | * [[University College London]] (UCL) | ||
| + | * [[University of Antwerp]] | ||
| + | * [[University of Bergen]] | ||
| + | * [[University of Birmingham]] | ||
| + | * [[University of Calgary]] Board of Governors | ||
| + | * [[University of Cape Town]] | ||
| + | * [[University of Copenhagen]] | ||
| + | * [[University of Edinburgh]] | ||
| + | * [[University of Exeter]] | ||
| + | * [[University of Lucerne]] | ||
| + | * [[University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna]] | ||
| + | * [[University of Newcastle]] | ||
| + | * [[University of Oxford]] | ||
| + | * [[University of York]] | ||
| + | * [[University Research Co.]] | ||
| + | * [[Uppsala Monitoring Centre]] | ||
| + | * [[Uppsala University]] | ||
| + | * [[Velux Stiftung]] | ||
| + | * [[Veolia Environment Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Vital Strategies]] | ||
| + | * [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]] | ||
| + | * [[War Child Holland]] | ||
| + | * [[Wateraid America]] | ||
| + | * [[Wellcome Trust]] | ||
| + | * [[Wellspring Philanthropic Fund]] | ||
| + | * [[West African Health Organization]] (WAHO) | ||
| + | * [[WHO Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] (FCTC) | ||
| + | * [[World Bank]] | ||
| + | * [[World Diabetes Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[World Food Programme]] (WFP) | ||
| + | * [[World Hepatitis Alliance]] | ||
| + | * [[World Meterological Organization]] (WMO) | ||
| + | * [[World Organization for Animal Health]] (OIE) | ||
| + | * [[World Vision International]] | ||
| + | * [[ZeShan Foundation]] | ||
| + | * [[Zhongshan Opthalmic Center]] | ||
| + | * [[Zoom Video Communications]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Needs to be organized ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Everything below this line needs to be reorganized. FIXME | ||
| + | ==== Link Dump ==== | ||
| + | * 2017 funding: https:// | ||
| + | * 2018 funding: https:// | ||
| ==== NGO Influence ==== | ==== NGO Influence ==== | ||
| Paula Jardine described how the World Health Organisation’s original aim to tackle the multiple causes of health inequality and disease – poor sanitation, lack of clean water, poor food supply, malnutrition – was replaced by one overriding goal, that of universal vaccination. Today she tells how two ‘philanthropic’ foundations joined forces to promote this approach through a global programme that would ‘reverse the fortunes of the stagnant vaccine manufacturers’ and how countries came to be persuaded to indiscriminately target 90 per cent coverage rates for all vaccines on their national immunisation schedules. | Paula Jardine described how the World Health Organisation’s original aim to tackle the multiple causes of health inequality and disease – poor sanitation, lack of clean water, poor food supply, malnutrition – was replaced by one overriding goal, that of universal vaccination. Today she tells how two ‘philanthropic’ foundations joined forces to promote this approach through a global programme that would ‘reverse the fortunes of the stagnant vaccine manufacturers’ and how countries came to be persuaded to indiscriminately target 90 per cent coverage rates for all vaccines on their national immunisation schedules. | ||
| Line 183: | Line 581: | ||
| February 23, 2022 ((https:// | February 23, 2022 ((https:// | ||
| + | {{ :: | ||
| Checking Covid 19 certificates: | Checking Covid 19 certificates: | ||
| * WHO facilitates 194 member states to introduce digital vaccination certificates | * WHO facilitates 194 member states to introduce digital vaccination certificates | ||