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sars-cov-2:origins [2022/03/18 04:36]
mathew
sars-cov-2:origins [2022/12/06 18:41] (current)
tonika [Origins Hypotheses]
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 ====== Origins of SARS-CoV-2 ====== ====== Origins of SARS-CoV-2 ======
 The origins of the [[:SARS-CoV-2]] [[:coronavirus]] are hotly debated, but crucially important for understanding the totality of the [[:COVID-19 pandemic]]. The origins of the [[:SARS-CoV-2]] [[:coronavirus]] are hotly debated, but crucially important for understanding the totality of the [[:COVID-19 pandemic]].
 +
 +  * [[SARS-CoV-2:origins:DRASTIC]] (informal research group investigating SARS-CoV-2 origins)
 +  * [[SARS-CoV-2:origins:Earlier Origins Hypothesis]]
 +  * [[SARS-CoV-2:origins:Genetic Engineering Hypothesis]]
 +  * [[SARS-CoV-2:origins:Lab Leak Hypothesis]]
 +  * [[SARS-CoV-2:origins:Venom Poisoning Hypothesis]]
 +  * [[SARS-CoV-2:origins:Zoonotic Origins Hypothesis]]
 +  * [[SARS-CoV-2:origins:Other Origins Hypotheses]]
  
 ===== Meta-Commentary on Origins Theories and Controversies ===== ===== Meta-Commentary on Origins Theories and Controversies =====
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   * Aug 17, 2021 ([[https://thebulletin.org/2021/08/how-covid-19s-origins-were-obscured-by-the-east-and-the-west/?fbclid=IwAR2noNlIOUP-pPgnwZycaWXWQZueDb7btoD_G1cXmQ8wBQeOHzTdTvfphOg|thebulletin]]) How C19’s origins were obscured, by East and West.   * Aug 17, 2021 ([[https://thebulletin.org/2021/08/how-covid-19s-origins-were-obscured-by-the-east-and-the-west/?fbclid=IwAR2noNlIOUP-pPgnwZycaWXWQZueDb7btoD_G1cXmQ8wBQeOHzTdTvfphOg|thebulletin]]) How C19’s origins were obscured, by East and West.
   * Feb 22, 2022 Dr. [[:Robert Malone]] discusses the Wuhan lab leak theory with [[:EcoHealth Alliance]] whistleblower [[:Andrew Huff]].((February 22, 2022 | [[:TrialSite News]] | [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvJn5D0zknM|Robert Malone and EcoHealth Whistleblower Andrew Huff Discuss Wuhan Lab Leak Theory]] via [[:YouTube]]))   * Feb 22, 2022 Dr. [[:Robert Malone]] discusses the Wuhan lab leak theory with [[:EcoHealth Alliance]] whistleblower [[:Andrew Huff]].((February 22, 2022 | [[:TrialSite News]] | [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvJn5D0zknM|Robert Malone and EcoHealth Whistleblower Andrew Huff Discuss Wuhan Lab Leak Theory]] via [[:YouTube]]))
 +
 +==== Research Compilations ====
 +  * [[:Charles Rixey|Charles Rixey's]] [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359855384_The_Myth_of_the_Blind_Watchmaker|The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker]]
  
 ==== Engineering Consensus of a Narrative ==== ==== Engineering Consensus of a Narrative ====
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 === Evidence Tampering === === Evidence Tampering ===
 +Australian virologist Dr. Edward Holmes was targeted for congressional investigation for allegedly covering up evidence regarding the origins of SARS-CoV-2.((February 13, 2022 | Nick Holt | [[https://nickholt.substack.com/p/australian-virologist-dr-edward-holmes?r=uhalf&s=r|Australian virologist Dr Edward Holmes target of congressional investigation into cover up of Covid-19 origins]]))
  
 == The Missing Coronavirus Genetic Database == == The Missing Coronavirus Genetic Database ==
 On the 12th Sep 2019, the main database administered by [[:Shi Zhengli]] of samples and viral sequences at the [[:Wuhan Institute of Virology]] (WIV) went offline. At some point, each of the other 15 virus databases managed by the WIV was taken offline.((February, 2021 | Billy Bostickson et al | preprint | An investigation into the WIV databases that were taken offline | [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349073738_An_investigation_into_the_WIV_databases_that_were_taken_offline|DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.28029.08160]])) On the 12th Sep 2019, the main database administered by [[:Shi Zhengli]] of samples and viral sequences at the [[:Wuhan Institute of Virology]] (WIV) went offline. At some point, each of the other 15 virus databases managed by the WIV was taken offline.((February, 2021 | Billy Bostickson et al | preprint | An investigation into the WIV databases that were taken offline | [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349073738_An_investigation_into_the_WIV_databases_that_were_taken_offline|DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.28029.08160]]))
 +
 +== NIH Deletes Genomic Data? ==
 +A FOIA filed by the Virginia group Empower Oversight Whistleblowers and Researchers revealed that on June 16, 2020, the NIH deleted genetic sequencing data from Wuhan at the behest of a Wuhan researcher. From those documents: "Professor Trevor Bedford of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center later sent the group an email stating that the deleted data seemed to support the idea that the pandemic began outside the Huanan market in Wuhan and that the matter must be analyzed properly."((March 31, 2022 | [[:ZeroHedge]] | [[https://www.zerohedge.com/covid-19/nih-deleted-info-wuhan-lab-covid-19-genetic-sequencing-watchdog-foia-finds|NIH Deleted Info From Wuhan Lab On Covid-19 Genetic Sequencing, Watchdog FOIA Finds]]))
 +
 +In April 2022, an NIH spokesperson stated that the data was "suppressed", but not deleted.((April 3, 2022 | [[:ZeroHedge]] | [[https://www.zerohedge.com/covid-19/nih-admits-it-suppressed-wuhan-lab-genetic-data-disputes-watchdogs-deleted-label|NIH Admits It "Suppressed" Wuhan Lab Genetic Data, But Disputes Watchdog's "Deleted" Label]]))
  
 == Rearrangement of Wuhan Data == == Rearrangement of Wuhan Data ==
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 ==== Withheld Information ==== ==== Withheld Information ====
   * The NIH continues to withhold critical documents that could shed light on the origin of the coronavirus pandemic.((February 20, 2022 | [[:The Intercept]] | [[https://theintercept.com/2022/02/20/nih-coronavirus-research-wuhan-redacted/|NIH SENT THE INTERCEPT 292 FULLY REDACTED PAGES RELATED TO VIRUS RESEARCH IN WUHAN]]))   * The NIH continues to withhold critical documents that could shed light on the origin of the coronavirus pandemic.((February 20, 2022 | [[:The Intercept]] | [[https://theintercept.com/2022/02/20/nih-coronavirus-research-wuhan-redacted/|NIH SENT THE INTERCEPT 292 FULLY REDACTED PAGES RELATED TO VIRUS RESEARCH IN WUHAN]]))
- 
-==== Evidence of Earlier Spread ==== 
- 
-=== Illnesses Unexplained === 
-In 2019, an illness first termed VAPI (changed to EVALI) was noted in the U.S., and was blamed on vaping and e-cigarettes. The illness shares symptomatic features with COVID-19, and resulting hospitalizations formed an ordinary viral infection curve.((March, 2020 | Rossana Segreto | preprint | Is SARS-CoV-2 the causative agent of EVALI cases prior to the Covid-19 pandemic? | [[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359231017_Is_SARS-CoV-2_the_causative_agent_of_EVALI_cases_prior_to_the_Covid-19_pandemic]])) 
- 
-  * July 17, 2019 - Unexplained respiratory illness at Virginia retirement community.((July 17, 2019 | NBC Washington | [[https://web.archive.org/web/20200324072408/https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/health-officials-to-give-update-after-respiratory-illness-sickens-dozens-at-virginia-retirement-community/135890/|Cause of Respiratory Illness Still Unknown After Dozens Sickened at Virginia Retirement Community]])) 
- 
-=== Wastewater Reports === 
-Sewage samples from Barcelona, Spain from May, 2019.((June 13, 2020 | Gemma Chavarria-Miro et al | preprint | Sentinel surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater anticipates the occurrence of COVID-19 cases | [[https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.13.20129627v1.full|doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.13.20129627]])) 
- 
-=== Antibody Studies === 
-Multiple studies have found SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in pre-pandemic serums in multiple nations. 
- 
-In a study published in February, 2021, scientists found IgG neutralizing antibodies in serums collected in France from November, 2019, signaling a latest possible outbreak date in France.((February 6, 2021 | Carrat et al | European Journal of Epidemiology | Evidence of early circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in France: findings from the population-based “CONSTANCES” cohort | [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-020-00716-2|DOI 
-https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00716-2]])) 
- 
-In a preprint posted on November 13, 2021, scientists note SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in samples as far back as September 3, 2019. There were no samples tested prior to September, 2019, so it is unclear how far back the presence of antibodies might go. These patients were scattered in cities around Italy.((September 13, 2021 | Apolone et al | preprint | Unexpected detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the prepandemic period in Italy | [[https://figshare.com/collections/Unexpected_detection_of_SARS-CoV-2_antibodies_in_the_prepandemic_period_in_Italy/5206852|https://doi.org/10.25384/SAGE.c.5206852.v1]])) 
- 
  
  
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 Note that some of these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. Note that some of these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive.
  
-==== Genetic Engineering Hypotheses ==== 
-From essentially the outset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], some scientists have pointed to evidence that SARS-CoV-2 came about through [[:gain-of-function]] research. One of the first published papers on the origins of SARS-CoV-2 pointed out reasons to suspect the use of [[serial passage]] through an animal host or cell culture was likely.((August 12, 2020 | Sirotkin and Sirotkin | [[:BioEssays]] | [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.202000091|doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000091]])) 
- 
-=== Biological Attack Hypothesis === 
-A long and detailed article published in [[State of the Nation]] lays out a case that [[:COVID-19]] was the result of a biological attack on [[:China]] by the U.S.((March 14, 2020 | [[State of the Nation]] | [[https://stateofthenation.co/?p=9167|COVID-19: A Biological Attack on China by the USA]])) 
  
 === Earlier Circulation Hypothesis === === Earlier Circulation Hypothesis ===
   * December 20, 2021 - Evidence for a Potential Pre-Pandemic SARS-like Coronavirus Among Animals in North America((December 20, 2021 | Trevor Hancock et al | Evidence for a Potential Pre-Pandemic SARS-like Coronavirus Among Animals in North America | [[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473265v1.full|doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.17.473265]]))   * December 20, 2021 - Evidence for a Potential Pre-Pandemic SARS-like Coronavirus Among Animals in North America((December 20, 2021 | Trevor Hancock et al | Evidence for a Potential Pre-Pandemic SARS-like Coronavirus Among Animals in North America | [[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473265v1.full|doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.17.473265]]))
  
 +===Larry Romanoff Hypothesis ===
  
-==== Zoonotic Origins Hypothesis ==== +[[https://www.moonofshanghai.com/2022/03/en-larry-romanoff-covid-19-theory-i.html#more]]
-Since the start of the pandemic, authorities have primarily promoted a theory of zoonotic transfer from an animal host to humans. +
- +
-=== Bat Coronaviruses === +
-SARS-CoV-2 is most highly similar to coronaviruses that have been found in bats. +
- +
-The [[:RaTG13]] [[:betacoronavirus]] is the most highly similar coronavirus to SARS-CoV-2, sharing 98.7% identical mitochondrial [[:rRNA]], but was supposedly generated from a bat fecal swab, which strikes some scientists as unlikely since metagenomic analysis shows a small 10.3% bacterial rRNA in the dataset.((November 22, 2021 | Steven E Massey | preprint | [[https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.09469|arXiv:2111.09469]])) +
- +
-More recently, close coronavirus relatives to SARS-CoV-2 have been found in bats in [[:Laos]].((September 17, 2021 | Temmam et al | preprint | [[https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-871965/v1|DOI: +
-10.21203/rs.3.rs-871965/v1]])) Some scientists claim this bolsters to the zoonotic origins theory while giving no answers to the numerous critiques of that theory.((September 24, 2021 | Smriti Mallapaty | [[:Nature]] | [[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02596-2#ref-CR1|Closest known relatives of virus behind COVID-19 found in Laos]])) +
- +
-=== Conflicts of Interest === +
-Since the start of the SARS-CoV-2 origins debate, a great deal of information has surfaced regarding what at least stand out as conflicts of interest, if not outright corruption, among those defending theories of natural origins. At least $50 million in NIAID funding went to scientists instrumental in defending the natural origins hypothesis.((January 19, 2022 | [[:The Epoch Times]] | [[https://www.theepochtimes.com/scientists-who-were-instrumental-to-covid-19-natural-origins-narrative-received-over-50-million-in-niaid-funding-in-2020-2021_4220769.html|Scientists Who Were Instrumental to COVID-19 ‘Natural Origin’ Narrative Received Over $50 Million in NIAID Funding in 2020–21]])) +
- +
-=== Related Research === +
-  * July 25, 2020 - Poudel et al: Animal coronaviruses and coronavirus disease 2019: Lesson for One Health approach.((July 25, 2020 | Poudel et al | [[:Open Veterinary Journal]] | [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC7703617/|Animal coronaviruses and coronavirus disease 2019: Lesson for One Health approach]])) +
- +
-==== Hoax Hypotheses ==== +
- +
-=== Questions About Purification & Sequencing === +
- +
-Numerous FOIA replies from the CDC, apparently showing that no virus, ever, has been successfully purified and sequenced, including SARS-Covid-2.((https://www.drrobertyoung.com/post/cdc-now-admits-no-gold-standard-for-the-isolation-for-any-virus?)) +
- +
-Meanwhile Heiko, an independent researcher, asked the science teams of the relevant papers which are referred to in the context of SARS-CoV-2 for proof whether the electron-microscopic shots depicted in their in vitro experiments show purified viruses. Not a single team could answer that question with “yes” — and note, nobody said purification was not a necessary step. We only got answers like “No, we did not obtain an electron micrograph showing the degree of purification” (see below).**Citation Needed** +
- +
-We asked several study authors “Do your electron micrographs show the purified virus?”, they gave the following responses: +
- +
-**Study 1:** Leo L. M. Poon; Malik Peiris. “Emergence of a novel human coronavirus threatening human health” Nature Medicine, March 2020((https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0796-5)) +
-Replying Author: Malik Peiris +
-Date: May 12, 2020 +
- +
-Answer: “The image is the virus budding from an infected cell. It is not purified virus.” +
- +
-**Study 2:** Myung-Guk Han et al. “Identification of Coronavirus Isolated from a Patient in Korea with COVID-19”, Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, February 2020((https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32149036/)) +
-Replying Author: Myung-Guk Han +
-Date: May 6, 2020 +
- +
-Answer: “We could not estimate the degree of purification because we do not purify and concentrate the virus cultured in cells.” +
- +
-**Study 3:** Wan Beom Park et al. “Virus Isolation from the First Patient with SARS-CoV-2 in Korea”, Journal of Korean Medical Science, February 24, 2020((https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32080990/)) +
-Replying Author: Wan Beom Park +
-Date: March 19, 2020 +
- +
-Answer: “We did not obtain an electron micrograph showing the degree of purification.” +
- +
-**Study 4:** Na Zhu et al., “A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China”, 2019, New England Journal of Medicine, February 20, 2020((https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31978945/)) +
-Replying Author: Wenjie Tan +
-Date: March 18, 2020 +
- +
-Answer: “[We show] an image of sedimented virus particles, not purified ones.” +
- +
-Regarding the mentioned papers it is clear that what is shown in the electron micrographs (EMs) is the end result of the experiment, meaning there is no other result that they could have made EMs from. That is to say, if the authors of these studies concede that their published EMs do not show purified particles, then they definitely do not possess purified particles claimed to be viral. +
  
-A December 28, 2021 Substack article by Arkmedic, "How to BLAST((https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)) your way to the truth about the origins of COVID-19" has, as the subtitle, "Using BLAST is easy. I'm going to show you how easy and how to prove that SARS-Cov-2 is man-made".((https://arkmedic.substack.com/p/how-to-blast-your-way-to-the-truth)) This might be assisted by the NCBI SARS-CoV-2 Resources page.((https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/)) 
  
-==== Fish Sticks Hypothesis ==== 
-https://twitter.com/ChadGilley/status/1445838648415502336?s=20 
  
 ==== Not China Hypothesis ==== ==== Not China Hypothesis ====
  
 The coronavirus may not have originated in China, says Oxford professor.((https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/the-coronavirus-may-not-have-originated-in-china-says-oxford-professor/)) The coronavirus may not have originated in China, says Oxford professor.((https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/the-coronavirus-may-not-have-originated-in-china-says-oxford-professor/))
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