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covid-19 [2022/01/11 01:06]
mathew Importing Vitamin D
covid-19 [2022/09/29 06:04] (current)
mathew
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 ====== COVID-19 ====== ====== COVID-19 ======
-**Coronavirus disease 2019** or **COVID-19** is a [[disease]] first associated with some people infected with the [[SARS-CoV-2]] virus and later associated with some recipients of the [[COVID-19 vaccines]].+**Coronavirus disease 2019** or **COVID-19** is a [[disease]] first associated with some people infected with the [[SARS-CoV-2]] virus and later associated with some recipients of the [[COVID-19 vaccines]]. In early 2020, the [[World Health Organization]] declared a [[COVID-19 pandemic]].
  
-==== Coronavirus History ====+===== COVID-19 Cases ===== 
 +A [[COVID-19 case]] has often been confused with a [[SARS-CoV-2]] infection. However, [[viral infection]] has not historically implied [[disease]]. This has created substantial confusion, and made statistics harder to gather and evaluate.
  
-Humanized mice develop coronavirus respiratory disease +===== Symptoms of COVID-19 ===== 
-[[Ralph S. Baric]] and Amy CSims +COVID-19 is primarily associated with acute respiratory syndrome, gastrointestinal, and vascular problemsHoweverSARS-CoV-2 can cause problems in nearly every organ.((May 18, 2020 | Diana Kwon | [[Scientific American]] | [[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/from-headaches-to-covid-toes-coronavirus-symptoms-are-a-bizarre-mix1/|From Headaches to ‘COVID Toes,’ Coronavirus Symptoms Are a Bizarre Mix]])) Inflammation and organ failure lead to much of the most severe damage in COVID-19 patients.
-PNAS June 72005102 (23) 8073-8074; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503091102 +
  
-Coronavirus infections historically were associated with mild upper respiratory tract diseases in infantschildren, and adults. Human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43 and HCoV-229E were associated with 15–30% of common colds in winter and occasionally linked with lower respiratory tract disease in populations with chronic underlying diseasesHCoV research was complicated by the lack of a reverse genetic system or animal modelThese viruses propagated poorly, and the number of reagents was limitedHowever, coronaviruses are capable of rapid host switching and evolution in changing ecologies (1), suggesting that their diversity and role in human disease were underappreciatedThe 21st century heralded the arrival of the more pathogenic coronaviruses, like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV.+==== Blood/Vascular System ==== 
 +The physical phenotypes of blood cells ([[erythrocytes]][[lymptocytes]], [[monocytes]], and [[neutrophils]]are altered in COVID-19, with some effects remaining after hospital release.((July 20, 2021 | Kubankova et al | [[Biophysical Journal]] | [[https://www.cell.com/biophysj/pdf/S0006-3495(21)00454-9.pdf|Physical phenotype of blood cells is altered in COVID-19]]))
  
-https://web.archive.org/web/20180604062832/https://www.pnas.org/content/102/23/8073+Some research points toward SARS-CoV-2 endothelial entry via [[:integrin]] pathways, eliciting vascular leakage events.((March 15, 2022 | preprint | Danielle Nader and Steve Karrigan | Vascular dysregulation following SARS-CoV-2 infection involves integrin signaling through a VE-Cadherin mediated pathway | [[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.484274v1| doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.15.484274]]))
  
-===== COVID-19 Cases ===== +=== Myocarditis === 
-A [[COVID-19 case]] has often been confused with a [[SARS-CoV-2]] infectionHowever, [[viral infection]] has not historically implied [[disease]]. This has created substantial confusion, and made statistics harder to gather and evaluate.+On September 3, 2021, the CDC published a study purporting to show that COVID-19 is associated with a 16-fold higher risk of [[:myocarditis]].((September 32021 | Tegan Boehmer et al | [[:CDC]] [[https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7035e5.htm|Association Between COVID-19 and Myocarditis Using Hospital-Based Administrative Data — United States, March 2020–January 2021]]))
  
 +==== Gastrointestinal System ====
 +Sometimes COVID-19 results in complications in the gastrointestinal system. These can include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, but also bile duct casts and cholangitis in some cases.((April 19, 2021 | David Sanders et al | Cureus (journal) | COVID-19-Induced Bile Duct Casts and Cholangitis: A Case Report | [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8055170/|doi: 10.7759/cureus.14560]]))
  
-===== Symptoms of COVID-19 ===== +The bile tract plays a role in interleukin-8 cytokin storming.
-COVID-19 is primarily associated with acute respiratory syndrome and vascular problems.+
  
-==== Blood ==== +==== Skin and Subcutaneous ==== 
-Kubankova et al, 2021: Physical phenotype of blood cells is altered in COVID-19 (https://www.cell.com/biophysj/pdf/S0006-3495(21)00454-9.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2gHVZ_8bCbSpicoWoX4cHPT8K5Xpe72fPMmC8zrs4Q8qHsMCM2C0vgt_A)+Some suffers of COVID-19 suffer lesions on fingers, toes, and knees.((March 8, 2022 | A Bassi et al | J Eujr Acad Dermatol Venereol | Not only toes and fingers: COVID vaccine-induced chilblain-like lesions of the knees | [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35188988/|doi: 10.1111/jdv.18025]]))
  
-==== Long Haul COVID-19 ==== +==== PACS/Long Haul COVID-19 ==== 
-fraction of those who develop COVID-19 suffer long-term health consequences after recover from the acute form of the disease.+Post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 syndrome (PACS), also known as "long haul COVID", plagues a significant fraction (around one-third) of those who develop COVID-19 suffer long-term health consequences after recover from the acute form of the disease.((January 25, 2022 | Carlo Cervia et al | [[Nature Communications]] | Immunoglobulin signature predicts risk of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome | [[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27797-1|doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27797-1]])) 
 +Long haul symptoms can last for many months.((June 23, 2021 | Amy D. Proal and Michael B. VanElzakker | [[Frontiers in Microbiology]] | Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms | [[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169/full|https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169]]))
  
-https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169/full+The most common [[sequelae]] of those suffering long haul COVID symptoms include fatigue, post-external malaise, brain fog, select sensorimotor symptoms, headaches and related symptoms, memory issues, insomnia, and muscle aches.((June 23, 2021 | Amy D. Proal and Michael B. VanElzakker | [[Frontiers in Microbiology]] | Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms | [[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169/full|https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169]])) 
 +In some cases, long haul COVID has been associated with reactivation of [[neurotrophic]] pathogens such as [[herpesvirus]].((June 23, 2021 | Amy D. Proal and Michael B. VanElzakker | [[Frontiers in Microbiology]] | Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms | [[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169/full|https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.698169]])) 
 + 
 +==== Pediatric Specific Illness ==== 
 +A small number of affected children suffer from pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome that is temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (PIMS-TS).((June 12, 2020 | Tristan Ramcharan et al | Pediatric Cardiology | [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00246-020-02391-2|Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome: Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS): Cardiac Features, Management and Short-Term Outcomes at a UK Tertiary Paediatric Hospital]])) 
 + 
 +=== Predictive Risk === 
 +[[Immunoglobulin]] (Ig) singnature has been associated with long haul COVID, as well as age, asthma bronchiale, and some symptoms during primary infection.((January 25, 2022 | Carlo Cervia et al | [[Nature Communications]] | Immunoglobulin signature predicts risk of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome | [[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27797-1|doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27797-1]])) 
 + 
 +=== Treatment of Long Haul COVID-19 === 
 +  * February 10, 2022 - Targeting the Monocytic-Endothelial-Platelet Axis with Maraviroc and Pravastatin as a Therapeutic Option to Treat Long COVID/ Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID (PASC)((February 10, 2022 | [[Bruce Patterson]] et al | Targeting the Monocytic-Endothelial-Platelet Axis with Maraviroc and Pravastatin as a Therapeutic Option to Treat Long COVID/ Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID (PASC) | [[https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1344323/v1|DOI: 
 +10.21203/rs.3.rs-1344323/v1]]))
  
  
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-===== Major COVID-19 Correlates and Comorbidities =====+===== Theories of Disease ===== 
 +COVID-19 is a complex disease that potentially affects different systems all over the body.
  
 +==== Immune Health Dependence ====
 +A summary of risk factors can be summarized as, "COVID-19 affects people in proportion to the weaknesses in their immune system," whether generally correlated with age or with other comorbidities such as nutrient deficiencies or diseases of the immune system including diabetes.((November 18, 2021 | Eric Levinson | Naturally Connected Life | [[https://naturallyconnectedlife.com/2021/11/18/what-the-research-says-about-diet-and-covid-plus-practical-nutrition-guide/|What The Research Says About Diet and COVID (Plus Practical Nutrition Guide)]]))
 +
 +==== Nutrient Deficiency ====
 +Research associates COVID-19 cases and severity with deficiencies in numerous vitamins and minerals. Colleen Huber, NMD declares COVID-19 to be a "lack of nutrients, exploited by a virus," but is somewhat vague on the mechanistic details. ((September 7, 2020 | Colleen Huber, NMD | PrimaryDoctor.org | [[https://www.primarydoctor.org/covid-19-is-a-lack-of-nutrients|COVID-19 is a lack of nutrients, exploited by a virus]])) Each of these may or may not relate to other system aspects of disease covered in this article.
 +
 +===== Major COVID-19 Correlates and Comorbidities =====
   * [[Age]]   * [[Age]]
 +  * [[Blood Clots]]
   * [[Body Mass Index]]   * [[Body Mass Index]]
   * [[Diabetes]]   * [[Diabetes]]
   * Fatigue and Poor Sleep   * Fatigue and Poor Sleep
   * [[Immunodeficiency]]   * [[Immunodeficiency]]
 +  * [[Mental Illness]]/[[Learning Disabilities]]
 +  * [[Poverty]]
   * [[Race]]/[[Ethnicity ]]   * [[Race]]/[[Ethnicity ]]
   * [[Vitamin]] and [[Mineral]] Deficiencies   * [[Vitamin]] and [[Mineral]] Deficiencies
   * Other Correlates of Interest   * Other Correlates of Interest
 +
 +==== COVID-19 Vaccine-Associations ====
 +A study of data of vaccinated patients who suffered from COVID-19, taking data from the QResearch database on patients from December 8, 2020 to June 15, 2021, showed,
 +  * 74.1% had at least two doses.
 +  * Down's syndrome OR: 12.7x
 +  * Kidney transplant OR: 8.1x
 +  * Sickle Cell disease OR: 7.7x
 +  * Care Residency home OR: 4.1x
 +  * Chemotherapy OR: 4.3x
 +  * HIV/AIDS OR: 3.3x
 +  * Liver cirrhosis OR: 3.0x
 +  * Neurological conditions OR: 2.6x
 +  * Organ transplant (recent) OR: 2.5x
 +  * Dementia OR: 2.2x
 +  * Parkinson's disease OR: 2.2x
 +((September, 2021 | Julia Hippisley-Cox et al | BMJ | Risk prediction of covid-19 related death and hospital admission in adults after covid-19 vaccination: national prospective cohort study | [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34535466/|DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n2244]]))
  
 ==== COVID-19 and Age ==== ==== COVID-19 and Age ====
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 ==== COVID-19 and Autoimmune Health ==== ==== COVID-19 and Autoimmune Health ====
 Autoimmune disorders and immunodeficiency might be described as the "primary COVID-19 correlate and comorbidity", but is strangely underdiscussed by [[public health]] officials and the [[mainstream media]]. Autoimmune disorders and immunodeficiency might be described as the "primary COVID-19 correlate and comorbidity", but is strangely underdiscussed by [[public health]] officials and the [[mainstream media]].
 +
 +==== COVID-19 and Blood Clots ====
 +It has been noted that blood clotting is associated with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients,((April 21, 2020 | Medical Xpress | [[https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-04-tiny-blood-clots-covid-lethal.html|Could tiny blood clots make COVID-19 more lethal?]])) though it is not clear whether blood clotting results in more severe COVID-19, whether COVID-19 causes the clots in some patients---or which patients those would be.
  
 ==== COVID-19 and Blood Type ==== ==== COVID-19 and Blood Type ====
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 ==== COVID-19 and Diabetes ==== ==== COVID-19 and Diabetes ====
 +
 +==== COVID-19 and Household/Family Factors ====
 +Researchers studying data from March 2020 in New York City found a positive association between COVID-19 and overcrowded and multigenerational households.((September, 2021 | Ghosh et al | Public Health (journal) | Association between overcrowded households, multigenerational households, and COVID-19: a cohort study | [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34492508/|doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.039]]))
 +
 +==== COVID-19 and Mental Illness/Learning Disabilities ====
 +Published research shows that when mental illness and learning disabilities are considered comorbidities, they are the most common among those who die from COVID-19 in hospitals.((April 29, 2022 | Beaney et al | Nature Communications | Trends and associated factors for Covid-19 hospitalisation and fatality risk in 2.3 million adults in England | [[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29880-7|https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29880-7]])) This has driven speculation that hospitals targeted the mentally ill for termination.((May 8, 2022 | Ashmedai | [[https://ashmedai.substack.com/p/recently-published-study-in-nature?s=r|Recently Published Study in Nature: The Deadliest Covid Comorbidity Is... 'Severe Mental Illness and Learning Disability']])) An early study from July 2021 found mental illness to be the most associated risk factor for mortality in 16 observational studies in the 7 nations Denmark, France, Israel, South Korea, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States.((July 27, 2021 | Fond et al | JAMA Psychiatry | Association Between Mental Health Disorders and Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19 in 7 Countries
 +A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | [[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2782457|DOI: 78(11):1208-1217. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2274]]))
 +
 +  * Mental disorders and risk of COVID-19-related mortality, hospitalisation, and intensive care unit admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis((September, 2021 | Vai et al | Lancet Psychiatry | Mental disorders and risk of COVID-19-related mortality, hospitalisation, and intensive care unit admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis | [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8285121/|doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00232-7]]))
 +  * COVID-19-Related Mortality Risk in People With Severe Mental Illness: A Systematic and Critical Review((January 13, 2022 | De Hert et al | Frontiers Psychology | COVID-19-Related Mortality Risk in People With Severe Mental Illness: A Systematic and Critical Review | [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35095612/|doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.798554]]))
 +
 +==== COVID-19 and Poverty ====
 +When poverty is considered, it turns out to have the second-highest comorbidity risk to age.((December 1, 2020 | Helen Salisbury | [[BMJ]] | Helen Salisbury: Poverty as a pre-existing condition | [[https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m4607|doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4607]]
  
 ==== COVID-19 and Race ==== ==== COVID-19 and Race ====
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   * * Gene associated with less severe COVID more common in [[Asia]].   * * Gene associated with less severe COVID more common in [[Asia]].
   * * [[https://freebeacon.com/campus/doctors-warn-new-medical-school-guidance-would-lead-to-unqualified-physicians-and-unscientific-medicine/|The Washington Free Beacon]], Nov 29, 2021: Discussing this research is //racist//.   * * [[https://freebeacon.com/campus/doctors-warn-new-medical-school-guidance-would-lead-to-unqualified-physicians-and-unscientific-medicine/|The Washington Free Beacon]], Nov 29, 2021: Discussing this research is //racist//.
 +
  
 ==== COVID-19 and Vitamin/Mineral Deficiencies ==== ==== COVID-19 and Vitamin/Mineral Deficiencies ====
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 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interactions with amyloidogenic proteins: Potential clues to neurodegeneration: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC7988450/ SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interactions with amyloidogenic proteins: Potential clues to neurodegeneration: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC7988450/
 +
 +=== Other (Imported--Organize needed) ===
 +Most common comorbidities (one hospital, Berlin):
 +
 +Hypertension
 +Ischemic heart disease
 +Obesity
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7895917/|Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19]]
 +
 +Most common comorbidities (larger study, global data)
 +
 +Hypertension (27,4%)
 +Diabetes (17,4%)
 +CVD (8,9%)
 +Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (7,5%)
 +Cancer (3,5%)
 +Chronic kidney disease (2,6%)
 +
 +[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32659414/|Prevalence of comorbidities among individuals with COVID-19: A rapid review of current literature]]
 +
 +Autopsy study of first 80 consecutive cases in Germany, relevant comorbidities (in descending order of frequency): (1) diseases of the cardiovascular system, (2) lung diseases, (3) central nervous system diseases, (4) kidney diseases, and (5) diabetes mellitus: 
 +
 +[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32500199/|Dying with SARS-CoV-2 infection-an autopsy study of the first consecutive 80 cases in Hamburg, Germany]]
 +
 +Myocarditis rare in COVID-19 autopsies:
 +
 +Initial review of the data indicate that myocarditis was present in 20 hearts (7.2%); however, closer examination of additional reported information revealed that most cases were likely not functionally significant and the true prevalence of myocarditis is likely much lower (<2%). 
 +
 +[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33132119/|Myocarditis is rare in COVID-19 autopsies: cardiovascular findings across 277 postmortem examinations]]
 +
 +Johan observes: if that bit on myocarditis holds, I suppose that would be a possible candidate for a ... comorbidity divergence.  
 +
 +Maybe this divergence explains what we are seeing in young, fit [[https://rudd-o.com/archives/noticed-how-many-young-athletes-are-collapsing-into-sudden-death-lately|athletes suffering from heart conditions.]]
 +
 +===== Unusual Aspects of COVID-19 =====
 +
 +==== Antidepressants ====
 +Researchers note that depressed COVID-19 patients respond far better than expected to SSRI antidepressants.((December 14, 2021 | SciTechDaily.com | [[https://scitechdaily.com/depressed-covid-patients-respond-much-better-than-expected-to-ssri-antidepressants/|Depressed COVID Patients Respond Much Better Than Expected to SSRI Antidepressants]]))
  
 ===== Major Topics Surrounding COVID-19 ===== ===== Major Topics Surrounding COVID-19 =====
 +  * [[COVID-19:Expert Interviews and Presentations]]
   * [[COVID-19:Natural immunity]]   * [[COVID-19:Natural immunity]]
   * [[COVID-19 Pandemic]]   * [[COVID-19 Pandemic]]
   * [[COVID-19:Public Health Policy]]   * [[COVID-19:Public Health Policy]]
   * [[COVID-19:Risk Stratification]]   * [[COVID-19:Risk Stratification]]
 +  * [[COVID-19:Statistical Tracking]]
   * [[COVID-19:Treatments]]   * [[COVID-19:Treatments]]
     * [[COVID-19 Vaccines]]     * [[COVID-19 Vaccines]]
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