====== SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein ======

The [[:SARS-CoV-2]] spike [[:glycoprotein]] stands out as unique. Similarity between SARS-CoV-2 with [[:coronaviruses]] found in common hosts largely disappears in the [[:spike protein]] portion of the genome, which is suggestive of a radical divergence from nature (genetic engineering).((January 22, 2020 | Wei Ji et al | Journal of Medical Virology | Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV | [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.25682|https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25682]]))

===== Cellular Interaction =====

==== Receptor Binding Domain ====

==== Toxins ====
Research report finding [[:toxin]]-like peptides similar to those in animal [[:venom]] (conotoxins, phospholipsases, phosphodiesterases, zinc metal proteinases, and bradykinins) were found in fecal samples from COVID-19 patients, but not in control patients.((October 14, 2021 | Carlo Brogna et al | F1000 Research (journal) | Toxin-like peptides in plasma, urine and faecal samples from COVID-19 patients | [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8772524/#|doi: 10.12688/f1000research.54306.2]]))

Could Small Neurotoxins-Peptides be Expressed during SARS-CoV-2 Infection?((December 31, 2021 | Concetta Cafiero et al | Current Genomics | Could Small Neurotoxins-Peptides be Expressed during SARS-CoV-2 Infection? | [[http://www.eurekaselect.com/article/119555|DOI: 10.2174/1389202923666211221111527]]))

===== Potential Pathological Mechanisms of Anti-Spike Antibodies =====

  * The Spike Protein As a Pore-Forming Toxin((March 19, 2022 | [[Chris Masterjohn]] | [[https://chrismasterjohnphd.substack.com/p/the-spike-protein-as-a-pore-forming?s=r|The Spike Protein As a Pore-Forming Toxin]]))

==== Blood Clotting ====

  * SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces abnormal inflammatory blood clots neutralized by fibrin immunotherapy((October 13, 2021 | Jae Kyu Ryu et al | preprint | SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces abnormal inflammatory blood clots neutralized by fibrin immunotherapy | [[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464152v1.full|doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.12.464152]]))

=== Mechanism ===

While conspiracy theorists have debated the presence of [[:graphene oxide]] and [[:biotechnology]] in [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s, [[:Walter Chestnut]] proposed [[:amyloidosis]] as the source of the [[:fibrils]].((May 22, 2022 | [[:Walter Chestnut]] | [[https://wmcresearch.substack.com/p/transmissibile-amyloidosis-we-can?s=r|TRANSMISSIBILE AMYLOIDOSIS: “WE CAN INDUCE THE FULL-BLOWN DISEASE JUST BY ADMINISTERING THESE PROTEIN AGGREGATES”]])) His observations are given support by Biologist [[:Jessica Rose]] who notes these would also be delivered by the [[:quasi-vaccine]]s.((May 23, 2022 | [[:Jessica Rose]] | [[https://jessicar.substack.com/p/modified-spike-protein-rna-injection?s=w|Modified spike protein RNA injection-induced Amyloidosis?]])) 

==== Cancer Pathway ====

There is evidence that the S2 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with [[:P53]], the tumor suppressor protein whose pathway is associated with most or all human cancer, and BRCA, in an in silico study.((June 30, 2020 | Nishant Singh and Anuradha Singh | Transl Oncol (Journal) | S2 Subunit of SARS-nCoV-2 Interacts with Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 and BRCA: an In Silico Study | [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324311/|doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100814]]))

==== Neurological Effects ====

Scientists have observed cognitive deficits and anxiety in mouse models when the spike protein S1 subunit was delivered to the [[:hippocampus]].((March 31, 2022 | Junyoung Oh et al | Scientific Reports (journal) | SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in mouse via non-cell autonomous hippocampal neuronal death | [[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-09410-7|https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09410-7]]))

==== Pathogenic Antibodies ====

  * Pathogenic  antibodies  induced  by  spike  proteins  of COVID-19  and  SARS-CoV  viruses((June 16, 2021 | Huiru Wang et al | preprint | Pathogenic  antibodies  induced  by  spike  proteins  of COVID-19  and  SARS-CoV  viruses | [[chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.researchsquare.com%2Ffiles%2Frs-612103%2Fv2_covered.pdf%3Fc%3D1631870864&clen=1834388&chunk=true|DOI:  https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-612103/v2]]))

==== Genetic Damage ====

  * SARS-CoV-2 Spike Impairs DNA Damage Repair and Inhibits V(D)J Recombination In Vitro((October 13, 2021 | Hui Jiang and Ya-Fang Mei | SARS-CoV-2 Spike Impairs DNA Damage Repair and Inhibits V(D)J Recombination In Vitro | [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696485/|DOI: 10.3390/v13102056]]))

===== Prion-Like Diseases =====

Researchers have noted extended [[:amino acid]] sequences in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 that are noted to play a causal role in protein misfolding related to a large and growing number of [[:neurodegenerative disease|neurodegenerative diseases]].((August 16, 2022 | Stephanie Seneff et al. | SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in the Pathogenesis of Prion-like Diseases | [[https://www.authorea.com/users/455597/articles/582067-sars-cov-2-spike-protein-in-the-pathogenesis-of-prion-like-diseases|DOI: 10.22541/au.166069342.27133443/v1]]))

===== Patents =====

The [[:National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] (NIAID) holds patent rights to a version of the spike protein, described as "[[https://www.techtransfer.nih.gov/tech/tab-3532|Prefusion Coronavirus Spike Proteins and Their Use]]".

===== Links to Sort =====

The Functional Consequences of the Novel Ribosomal Pausing Site in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein RNA 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34204305/