===== History of Vaccines =====


The word [[vaccine]] originates from the Latin **Variolae vaccinae** (cowpox), which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent [[smallpox]] in humans. Today the term ‘vaccine’ applies to all biological preparations, produced from living organisms, that  enhance immunity against disease and either prevent (prophylactic vaccines) or, in some cases,treat disease (therapeutic  vaccines).  Vaccines are administered in liquid form, either by injection, by oral or by intranasal routes.

World Health Organization. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Vaccine Fact Book 2012
https://web.archive.org/web/20160327113913/https://www.phrma-jp.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/old/library/vaccine-factbook_e/1_Basic_Concept_of_Vaccination.pdf

===How Do Vaccines Work===

When inactivated or weakened disease-causing microorganisms enter the body, they initiate an immune response.  This response mimics the body’s natural response to infection. But unlike disease-causing organisms, vaccines  are made of components that have limited ability or are completely unable,to cause disease (See Figure 4).
[[WHO]] VACCINE FACT BOOK - 2011

===Timeline Vaccine Approvals===

**1905**    U.S. Supreme Court upholds state law mandating smallpox vaccinations

**1906 to 1928**    Vaccines against pertussis and diphtheria developed

**1944**    Pertussis vaccine recommended for universal use in infants

**1947**    DPT (tri-valent diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus) recommended by the AAP for routine use

**1955**    IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) licensed (was later modified in 1987)

**1961**    OPV (oral, live-virus polio vaccine) licensed

**1963**    Measles vaccine licensed

**1959 to 1968**    Quadrigen (DPT-IPV combo) used routinely [pulled off the market in1968 for safety and efficacy reasons]

**1969**    Rubella vaccine licensed

**1971**    MMR (tri-valent measles/mumps/rubella) licensed

**1972**    U.S. ended routine use of smallpox vaccine

**1981**    Japan licenses safer DPT vaccine, the acellular DTaP

**1983 to 1985**    first Hib (Hemophilus influenza B) vaccine (taken off the market in1985 for safety and efficacy reasons)

**1986**    [[Vaccine Injury Compensation Act]] passed

**1986**    recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine licensed

**1987**  Hib vaccine licensed

**1988**    Hib added to schedule

**1988**  Vaccine Injury Compensation Program Funded

**1990**    conjugate Hib vaccine licensed

**1991**    recombinant Hepatitis B recommended for all newborn infants and children

**1993**    DPTH (DPT-Hib combo) licensed

**1995**    Varicella licensed

**1996**    Dtap licensed; recommended for use instead of whole-cell DPT

**1996**    Hib-HepB combo licensed

**1998**    Lyme vaccine (Lymerix) licensed

**early 1998**    Rotavirus vaccine recommended by CDC for universal use in infants

**Aug. 1998**    Rotavirus vaccine licensed

**Oct. 1999**    Rotavirus vaccine pulled off the market due to significant adverse reactions

**1999/2000**    A Joint Statement by the U.S. Public Health Service, the AAFP, the AAP, and ACIP urging manufacturers to remove the preservative thimerosal as soon as possible from vaccines routinely recommended for infants.

**2000**   Prevnar (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) licensed

**2000**    CDC recommends use of IPV instead of OPV (polio vaccine)

**2002**    GSK pulled Lymerix off the market

**2002**    Pediarix (penta-valent DtaP/HepB/IPV) licensed

**2002** CDC encourages flu vaccine for children

**2003**   Inhaled flu vaccine (Flumist) being reviewed for approval by the FDA

**2003**    Smallpox vaccine for first-responders 

https://web.archive.org/web/20030529035635/http://www.909shot.com/Timeline/timeline.htm

**2004** [[Project BioShield]], a $5.6 billion program, established to speed the development of medical treatments for the effects of biological and other unconventional weapons. 

**2007** Apr 25, 2007 (CIDRAP News) Health and Human Services (HHS) plan for developing and buying medical countermeasures against a range of biological, chemical, and other threats, with new [[anthrax]] and [[smallpox vaccines]] among the near-term priorities.

The 21-page implementation plan, released Apr 20 on the HHS Web site and in the Federal Register, details how the agency will **acquire countermeasures against 14 threats on its priority list**, which include nine category A biological agents, two category B biological agents, typhus, certain volatile nerve agents, and radiological and nuclear agents. 

https://web.archive.org/web/20070708144558/http://www.mvrd.org/BioShieldArchives.cfm

==== Vaccine Technological Development ====
Vaccine development is generally a long process, taking years to design, hone, and test, in addition to feedback loops in that development process.


=== Vaccines by Disease ===
  * [[Anthrax Vaccines]]
  * [[BCG Vaccines]]
  * [[Coronavirus Vaccines]] include the [[COVID-19 Vaccines]]
  * [[Dengue Vaccines]]
  * [[Influenza Vaccines]] also known as [[Flu Vaccines]]
  * [[Polio Vaccines]]
  * [[SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines]] are generally referred to as [[COVID-19 Vaccines]]
  * [[Shingles Vaccines]]
  * [[Small Pox Vaccines]]


=== Vaccines by Technological Type ===

  * [[Live Attenuated Virus Vaccines]] - Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella zoster

  * [[Inactivated Vaccines]] - Hepatitis A, Influenza, Pneumococcal polysaccharide

  * [[Recombinant DNA Vaccines]] - Hepatitis B

  * [[Toxoid]] - Tetanus, Diphtheria

  * [[Conjugate polysaccharide-protein]] - Pneumococcal, meningococcal, Haemophlius influenzea type b (Hib)

  * [[mRNA Vaccines]]


===Vaccine Preservatives and Adjuvants===

Vaccines may contain either or both preservatives and adjuvants these lists are incomplete.

[[Preservatives]] may be used to prevent contamination of multi-dose containers: when a first dose of vaccine is extracted from a multi-dose container, a preservative will protect the remaining product from any bacteria  that may be introduced into the container. In some cases,preservatives may be added during manufacture to prevent microbial contamination. 

Phenol Typhoid, pneumococcal polysaccharide
Benzethonium chloride [[Anthrax]]
2-phenoxyethanol [[Inactivated polio]]
[[Thimerosal]] Multi-dose influenza


[[Adjuvants]] enhance the immune effect of the vaccine [[antigen]], but do not themselves act as antigens.  [[Aluminum  salts]] are the mos  commonly used  adjuvant for vaccines. 

**Aluminum Salts** [[Adjuvanted Vaccines]] - Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis combinations (DTaP orTdap), Pneumococcal conjugate,Japanese encephalitis

**Aluminum salt or AS04 (aluminum salt and monophospholipid A)** [[Human Papilloma Virus]] 
(HPV)
**MF59 (oil in water emulsion) [one vaccine]**  H1N1 influenza