====== Genetics ======

===== Mutation =====

==== Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Substitution Rates ====
When one or more nucleotides of a [[codon]] undergoes a [[single nucleotide polymorphism]] (SNP), the codon may code for the same [[amino acid]] (called a synonymous or "silent" mutation) or code for a different amino acid or even become a stop codon (called a nonsynonymous mutation).

  * Estimating Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Substitution Rates Under Realistic Evolutionary Models((January 1, 2000 | Ziheng Yang and Rasmus Nielsen | [[Molecular Biology and Evolution]] | Estimating Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Substitution Rates Under Realistic Evolutionary Models | [[https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/17/1/32/975527|https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026236]]))


===== Genetics Tools =====
  * [[https://nebiocalculator.neb.com/|NEBioCalculator]] with mass/moles/nucleic sequence converters.

==== BLAST ====
The Basic Local Alignment Search Toolkit (BLAST) is a tool often used to compare genetic sequences.

  * U.S. National Library of Medicine [[https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastn&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&LINK_LOC=blasthome|online BLAST tool]].