====== COVID-19 Vaccine Associated Thrombocytopenia ======

**Thrombocytopenia** is a condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of platelets in the blood. It may result in easy bruising and excessive bleeding from wounds or bleeding in mucous membranes and other tissues.

===== Peer-Reviewed Scientific papers regarding COVID-19 Vaccine Associated Thrombocytopenia =====

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34171649/ |Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia with disseminated intravascular coagulation and death after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33929487/|US case reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S (against covid-19), March 2 to April 21, 2020]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33871350/|Management of cerebral and splanchnic vein thrombosis associated with thrombocytopenia in subjects previously vaccinated with Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca): position statement of the Italian Society for the Study of Hemostasis and Thrombosis (SISET) ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022510X21003014|Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination with COVID-19; a systematic review ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675721004381|Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 vaccines ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033062021000505|Covid-19 vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia: a commentary on an important and practical clinical dilemma ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0953620521001904|Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 viral vector vaccines ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1665268121000557|COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune-immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: an emerging cause of splanchnic vein thrombosis ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050173821000967|The roles of platelets in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (covid) ]]

[[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejme2106315|Thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ]]

[[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2104882?query=recirc_curatedRelated_article|Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 ]]

[[https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2021.279075|Post-mortem findings in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (covid-19) ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X21005247|Thrombocytopenia, including immune thrombocytopenia after receiving COVID-19 mRNA vaccines reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049384821003315|Hypothesis behind the very rare cases of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953620521002363|Primary adrenal insufficiency associated with thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia induced by the Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (VITT) ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196064421003425|Early results of bivalirudin treatment for thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0896841121000706|Mechanisms of immunothrombosis in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) compared to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589936821000256|Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: the dark chapter of a success story ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S088915912100163X|Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination: report of two cases in the United Kingdom ]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006497121013963|Immune thrombocytopenic purpura after vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCov-19).]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953620521002314|Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia, a rare but severe case of friendly fire in the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic: What pathogenesis? ]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33918932/|Thrombocytopenia and intracranial venous sinus thrombosis after exposure to the “AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine” ]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33606296/|Thrombocytopenia following Pfizer and Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33854395/|Severe and refractory immune thrombocytopenia occurring after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7996471/|Purpuric rash and thrombocytopenia after mRNA-1273 (Modern) COVID-19 vaccine]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34181446/|Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after messenger RNA vaccine -1273]]

[[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01408-4|First dose of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines and thrombocytopenic, thromboembolic, and hemorrhagic events in Scotland]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34075578/|Exacerbation of immune thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2106383|PF4 immunoassays in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia ]]

[[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03744-4|Antibody epitopes in vaccine-induced immune immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675721004381|Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 vaccines]] 

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214250921002018|Immune thrombocytopenia associated with Pfizer-BioNTech’s COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33987882/|Immune thrombosis and thrombocytopenia (VITT) associated with the COVID-19 vaccine: diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for a new syndrome]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34138513/|Laboratory testing for suspicion of COVID-19 vaccine-induced thrombotic (immune) thrombocytopenia]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402235/|Intracerebral haemorrhage due to thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination: the first fatal case in Korea]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34446426/|Risk of thrombocytopenia and thromboembolism after covid-19 vaccination and positive SARS-CoV-2 tests: self-controlled case series study]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34365148/|Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after covid-19 vaccination; a systematic review.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34256983/|Primary adrenal insufficiency associated with thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia induced by Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (VITT) ]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34033927/|Cerebral venous thrombosis and vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia.a. Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19: a missed opportunity for a rapid return on experience]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33476455/|Immune thrombocytopenia in a 22-year-old post Covid-19 vaccine]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34377889/|Secondary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) associated with ChAdOx1 Covid-19 vaccine: case report]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34272095/|Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) following AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) COVID-19 vaccination: risk-benefit analysis for persons <60 years in Australia]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33864750/|Bilateral superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis, ischemic stroke and immune thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34446426/|Risk of thrombocytopenia and thromboembolism after covid-19 vaccination and positive SARS-CoV-2 tests: self-controlled case series study]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34108714/|First dose of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines and thrombocytopenic, thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events in Scotland]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34332437/|Thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34137813/|A case of multiple thrombocytopenia and thrombosis following vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 against SARS-CoV-2]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34191218/|Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: the elusive link between thrombosis and adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34175640/|Acute ischemic stroke revealing immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia induced by ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine: impact on recanalization strategy]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34011137/|Procoagulant antibody-mediated procoagulant platelets in immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34071883/|Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after vaccination with COVID-19: in search of the underlying mechanism]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34237213/|Thrombosis and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34105247/|Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic thrombocytopenic purpura: a rare disease associated with the BNT162b2 vaccine.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34405870/|Immune complexes, innate immunity and NETosis in ChAdOx1 vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34513446/|Immune-mediated thrombocytopenic purpura after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in an elderly woman]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34469919/|Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia associated with Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen; Johnson & Johnson).]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34516272/|Transient thrombocytopenia with glycoprotein-specific platelet autoantibodies after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S: case report.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34509271/|COVID-19 vaccine, immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, jaundice, hyperviscosity: concern in cases with underlying hepatic problems.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34435486/|Immune thrombocytopenia after vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34525282/|Vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia with severe headache]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34393988/|Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia causing a severe form of cerebral venous thrombosis with a high mortality rate: a case series.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407607/|Adenovirus interactions with platelets and coagulation and vaccine-associated autoimmune thrombocytopenia thrombosis syndrome.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34490632/|Australian and New Zealand approach to the diagnosis and treatment of vaccine-induced immune thrombosis and immune thrombocytopenia]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33909350/|An observational study to identify the prevalence of thrombocytopenia and anti-PF4 / polyanion antibodies in Norwegian health care workers after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34276917/|A rare case of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia of the superior ophthalmic vein after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination against SARS-CoV-2]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34237213/|Thrombosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 vaccines: vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34268278/|Renal vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism secondary to vaccine-induced thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VITT).]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33990339/|Limb ischemia and pulmonary artery thrombosis after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca): a case of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34059191/|A case of vaccine-induced immune-immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia with massive arteriovenous thrombosis]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34331506/|Thrombocytopenia in an adolescent with sickle cell anemia after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34525282/|Vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia with severe headache]]

[[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abl8213|ChAdOx1 interacts with CAR and PF4 with implications for thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34626338/|Lethal vaccine-induced immune thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VITT) following announcement 26.COV2.S: first documented case outside the U.S. ]]

[[https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR304469 435|A prothrombotic thrombocytopenic disorder resembling heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after coronavirus-19 vaccination.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34731555/|VITT (vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia) after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34159588/|Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT): a new clinicopathologic entity with heterogeneous clinical presentations]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34461442/|Treatment of acute ischemic stroke associated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34370974/|Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination: the UK experience]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34373413/|Cerebral venous vein/venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34598301/|Portal vein thrombosis due to vaccine-induced immune thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VITT) after Covid vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34144250/|Spontaneous HIT syndrome: knee replacement, infection and parallels with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia ]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33877737/|Thrombocytopenia with acute ischemic stroke and hemorrhage in a patient recently vaccinated with an adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccine]]
 
[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34483267/|ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-associated thrombocytopenia: three cases of immune thrombocytopenia after 107,720 doses of ChAdOx1 vaccination in Thailand.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261635/|Pulmonary embolism, transient ischemic attack, and thrombocytopenia after Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34202817/|Neurosurgical considerations with respect to decompressive craniectomy for intracerebral hemorrhage after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia-VITT]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34314875/|Secondary thrombocytopenia after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: case report of haemorrhage and hematoma after minor oral surgery.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34384129/|Venous thromboembolism and mild thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34382387/|Fatal exacerbation of ChadOx1-nCoV-19-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome after successful initial therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins: a rationale for monitoring immunoglobulin G levels]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34535492/|A rare case of COVID-19 vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) affecting the venosplanchnic and pulmonary arterial circulation from a UK district general hospital]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34527501/|COVID-19 vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: a case series]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34756770/|Immune thrombocytopenia after immunization with Vaxzevria ChadOx1-S vaccine (AstraZeneca), Victoria, Australia]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34751013/|Case report of immune thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33877737/|Thrombocytopenia with acute ischemic stroke and hemorrhage in a patient recently vaccinated with an adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccine]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34646685/|Intracerebral hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia after AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine: clinical and diagnostic challenges of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34006408/|Thrombocytopenia, including immune thrombocytopenia after receiving COVID-19 mRNA vaccines reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) ]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34420249/|Newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia in a pregnant patient after coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34331506/|Thrombocytopenia in an adolescent with sickle cell anemia after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34546343/|Abdominal pain and bilateral adrenal hemorrhage from immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia induced by COVID-19 vaccine]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34384129/|Venous thromboembolism and mild thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34653943/|Severe immune thrombocytopenia following COVID-19 vaccination: report of four cases and review of the literature.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34591991/|Relapse of immune thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33962903/|Images of immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia induced by Oxford / AstraZeneca® COVID-19 vaccine.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407607/|Adenovirus interactions with platelets and coagulation and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34835275/|Complicated case report of long-term vaccine-induced thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia A.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34568726/|Prevalence of thrombocytopenia, anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies, and elevated D-dimer in Thais after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34820232/|Bilateral thalamic stroke: a case of COVID-19 (VITT) vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia or a coincidence due to underlying risk factors.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34614491/|Successful treatment of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia in a 26-year-old female patient]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34790684/|Case report: vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia in a patient with pancreatic cancer after vaccination with messenger RNA-1273]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34096082/|Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination in a man presenting as acute venous thromboembolism]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33854395|Severe, Refractory Immune Thrombocytopenia Occurring After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. J Blood Med, 12, 221-224. doi:10.2147/JBM.S307047]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34446426|Risk of thrombocytopenia and thromboembolism after covid-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 positive testing: self-controlled case series study. BMJ, 374, n1931. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1931.]] 

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33606296|Thrombocytopenia following Pfizer and Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Am J Hematol, 96(5), 534-537. doi:10.1002/ajh.26132.]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34006408|Thrombocytopenia including immune thrombocytopenia after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Vaccine, 39(25), 3329-3332. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.054.]]
 
[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34804803/|Relapse of immune thrombocytopenia after covid-19 vaccination in young male patient.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34549178/|Peduncular, symptomatic cavernous bleeding after immune thrombocytopenia-induced SARS-CoV-2 vaccination]]

[[https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2105869|Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination]]

[[https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/109/7/2832/125650/Adenovirus-induced-thrombocytopenia-the-role-of|Adenovirus-induced thrombocytopenia: the role of von Willebrand factor and P-selectin in mediating accelerated platelet clearance]]