====== COVID-19 Vaccine Associated Myocarditis ======

During the experimental [[:COVID-19 vaccines]] campaign, many vaccine recipients have suffered vaccine-associated [[:myocarditis]]. There is a debate over the nature of the damage caused in these cases of myocarditis as well as the relative risk of myocarditis associated with [[:SARS-CoV-2]] infection or [[:COVID-19]] cases.

Myocarditis can be a challenging topic for a number of reasons, not the least of which is understanding the nature of case data, which sometimes does and sometimes does not include preclinical myocarditis, the severity of which may be different by kind.

See also: [[covid-19_vaccines:adverse_events:myopericarditis|CoVid-19 Vaccine Associated Myopericarditis]] and [[covid-19_vaccines:adverse_events:pericarditis|CoVid-19 Vaccine Associated Pericarditis]]

===== Research =====

Increased occurrence of myocarditis, pericarditis and myopericarditis has been associated with Covid-19 inoculations,((https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01630-0)) along with Covid-19 infection. 

{{ :myocarditis_vaers.jpg?600 |}}

^             Incidence of Myocarditis Following the Second Dose of a Covid-19 mRNA Vaccine               ^^^^^^^^^ 
^  ^  Male: Age 12-15  ^  Male: Age 12-17  ^   Male: Age 16-17  ^   Male: Age 16-19  ^   Male: Age 18-24  ^  Male: Age < 30  ^  Male: Age < 40  ^  Rate from Sars-cov-2  ^
| Kaiser Permanente Study - Dec 27, 2021((https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.21268209v1))|  -  |  1 / 1860   |  1 / 2650    |  
| Nature Medicine Paper - Dec 25, 2021((https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.21268276v1))|  -  |   |  -  |  101 excess events per million (Moderna)  |   30 excess events per million  |
| USA FDA ACIP Meeting Presentation((http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2)) |  |   |  62.8 per million  |   |  50.5 per million  |
| Israel MoH((https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2116999?query=featured_home)) |  1 / 12,361   |
| Oster, CDC((https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2788346)) |  71 per million (pfizer)  |  106 per million (pfizer)  |    |   |   56 per million (moderna)  |
| Mevorach, Israel((https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2109730)) |  -  |   -  |  -  |   1 / 6637  |

A research letter published by JAMA claimed that rates of myocarditis and pericarditis increased less than 100% post-vaccination.((August 4, 2021 | George A. Diaz et al | [[:JAMA]] | Myocarditis and Pericarditis After Vaccination for COVID-19 | [[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782900|doi:10.1001/jama.2021.13443]]))


==== CDC Reports ====
17 May 2021--CDC's COVID-19 VaST Work Group Report (([[https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/work-groups-vast/report-2021-05-17.html]])) – reported various presentations concerning myocarditis. VaST reported that cases seemed to occur:
  * predominantly in adolescents and young adults,
  * more often in males than females,
  * more often following dose 2 than dose 1, and
  * typically within 4 days after vaccination. 


9 November 2021--CDC reported increased cases of myocarditis related to mRNA COVID-19 vaccinations from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, "COVID Clinical Considerations: Myocarditis and Pericarditis after Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Among Adolescents and Young Adults." 
The CDC continued to recommend use of these vaccinations while urging doctors to follow a list of clinical guidelines and to make VAERS reports as needed. ((https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/myocarditis.html))

In the December 31, 2021 MMWR the CDC released information related to COVID-19 vaccine safety in children aged 5–11 years, covering the November 3–December 19, 2021 period of slightly over a five weeks.  The information was drawn from VEARS and VSAFE and was restricted to those who received Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. ((https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm705152a1.htm))

==== Small Hong Kong Studies ====

'Carditis After COVID-19 Vaccination With a Messenger RNA Vaccine and an Inactivated Virus Vaccine' (Lai, Li et al., 2022)((https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M21-3700))
"Conclusion: Despite a low absolute risk, there is an increased risk for carditis associated with BNT162b2 vaccination. This elevated risk should be weighed against the benefits of vaccination."

'Epidemiology of Acute Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Hong Kong Adolescents Following Comirnaty Vaccination' (Chua, Kwan et al., 2021)((https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34849657/))
"Conclusions: There is a significant increase in the risk of acute myocarditis/pericarditis following Comirnaty vaccination among Chinese male adolescents, especially after the second dose."
==== Myocarditis Stratified by Age & Sex ====
Associate Professor Vinay Prasad wrote a Substack piece on December 26, 2021((https://vinayprasadmdmph.substack.com/p/uk-now-reports-myocarditis-stratified?justPublished=true)) that revisits the results of a paper that appeared in Nature Medicine called 'Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection' by Patone, Mei et al..((https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01630-0.pdf)) His analysis begins with the finding that the incidence of myocarditis in those under 40 years of age is higher post-vaccination than it is is post-Covid infection. It just gets worse from there.


===== Comparisons of Risk of Vaccine-Associated vs. COVID-19-Associated Myocarditis =====
Sometime after the CDC's June meeting about myocarditis and similar problems associated with COVID-19 vaccine recipients, an argument began to form the COVID-19 also caused myocarditis.

A paper published by [[:University of Oxford]] researchers purported to show that myocarditis was a worse risk for persons who suffered from COVID-19 than those who received vaccines.((December 14, 2021 | Patone et al | [[:Nature Medicine]] | [[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01630-0#auth-Martina-Patone|Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection]])) However, the study is problematic on several levels because
  * The study did not even include a cohort that was not vaccinated.
  * Cases not diagnosed in a narrow window were excluded from calculations.
  * No correction was made for the probability of a symptomatic COVID-19 infection.
  * Study authors noted numerous meaningful conflicts of interest.


===== Policy Considerations =====
In April, 2021, Israel was already warning about large numbers of cases of vaccine-associated myocarditis, a large portion of which were among young men.((April 26, 2021 | [[:Children's Health Defense]] | [[https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/pfizer-vaccine-heart-inflammation-people-under-30-leaked-study/|Pfizer Vaccine May Cause Heart Inflammation in People Under 30, Leaked Study Suggests]]))

==== Pausing Moderna’s COVID Vaccine for Younger Age Groups ====

On October 6, 2021 Sweden and Denmark said they will pause the use of Moderna’s COVID vaccine for younger age groups after reports of side effects, including myocarditis and pericarditis. Following suit was Finland October 7, Iceland October 8 and France November 8. 

France's decision to pause was supported by a study from the French National authority for Health (HAS). ((https://www.epi-phare.fr/rapports-detudes-et-publications/myocardite-pericardite-vaccination-covid19/?fbclid=IwAR2SQ7XguUBiDwVV7mRz_O9hZiO3tmt2yjX8s7R-PvIWv39LBxUCkVGVcKw)) The HAS designed the study by taking cases of hospitalization of myo or pericarditis in inoculated people and matched them each to controls of similar age, sex & geography. They adjusted for history of myocarditis or pericarditis, history of SARS-CoV-2 infection etc. Essentially, they defined a signal (hospitalization for myo/peri within 7 days of inoculation of either Moderna or Pfizer) and compared it to a baseline (control of unvaxxed & uninfected). 

What they found was for the second dose of Moderna for men under 30 (within 7 days of inoculation) an excess of hospitalization cases from myocarditis alone reaching ~131 per million doses. They also calculated an odds-adjusted ratio or OR (which is basically a multiple of the signal over baseline occurrence). 2-dose Moderna for men below 30 had an OR of ~80x (which is like saying 80x more risk vs. baseline) for myocarditis alone. For comparison SARS-CoV-2 infection in the previous month for myocarditis had a OR of ~7.9x.

Woman under 30 on the second dose of Moderna found an excess of 37 per million doses for myocarditis with an OR of ~40.6x. For Pfizer & myocarditis alone, men under 30 for the second doses found excess hospitalizations of 27 per million doses and an OR of ~10.9x, while woman saw an increase of 4 per million doses and an OR of ~11.4x.

===== Peer-Reviewed Scientific papers regarding COVID-19 Vaccine Associated Myocarditis =====


[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666602221000409|Myocarditis after mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, a case series]]

[[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2781601|Myocarditis after immunization with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in members of the US military. This article reports that in “23 male patients, including 22 previously healthy military members, myocarditis was identified within 4 days after receipt of the vaccine”]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34374740/|Association of myocarditis with the BNT162b2 messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine in a case series of children]]

[[https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2021/06/04/peds.2021-052478|Acute symptomatic myocarditis in seven adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0828282X21006243
|Myocarditis and pericarditis after vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA: considerations for care providers]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1443950621011562|Myocarditis, pericarditis and cardiomyopathy after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135|Myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines]]

[[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782900|Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055891.|Myocarditis temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2021/08/12/peds.2021-053427.full.pdf|COVID-19 Vaccination Associated with Myocarditis in Adolescents]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33994339/|Acute myocarditis after administration of BNT162b2 vaccine against COVID-19]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1553838921005789|Temporal association between COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S and acute myocarditis: case report and review of the literature]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871402121002253
|COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis: a case report with review of the literature]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1936878X2100485X|Potential association between COVID-19 vaccine and myocarditis: clinical and CMR findings]]


[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002234762100617X|Recurrence of acute myocarditis temporally associated with receipt of coronavirus mRNA disease vaccine 2019 (COVID-19) in a male adolescent]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167527321012286|Fulminant myocarditis and systemic hyper inflammation temporally associated with BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in two patients]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214250921001530|Acute myocarditis after administration of BNT162b2 vaccine]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352906721001573|Lymphohistocytic myocarditis after vaccination with COVID-19 Ad26.COV2.S viral vector]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735675721005362|Myocarditis following vaccination with BNT162b2 in a healthy male]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043321005549|Acute myocarditis after Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccination in a healthy male with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589790X21001931|Acute myocarditis after vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 mRNA]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0870255121003243|Acute myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a 24-year-old man]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1936878X21004861|A series of patients with myocarditis after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 with mRNA-1279 and BNT162b2]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34268277/|COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and myocarditis]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34399967/|COVID-19 vaccine and myocarditis]]

[[https://search.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resourc e/en/covidwho-1360706.|Epidemiology and clinical features of myocarditis/pericarditis before the introduction of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in Korean children: a multicenter study]] 

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34246566/|COVID-19 vaccines and myocarditis]]

[[https://www.cureus.com/articles/61030-myocarditis-and-other-cardiovascular-complications-of-the-mrna-based-covid-19-vaccines|COVID-19 vaccines and myocarditis|Myocarditis and other cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines]]

[[https://www.cureus.com/articles/61030-myocarditis-and-other-cardiovascular-complications-of-the-mrna-based-covid-19-vaccines|Myocarditis and other cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines]] 

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34340927/|Myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiomyopathy after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135|Myocarditis with covid-19 mRNA vaccines]]

[[https://media.jamanetwork.com/news-item/association-of-myocarditis-with-mrna-co vid-19-vaccine-in-children/|Association of myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in children]]

[[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2783052|Association of myocarditis with COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccine BNT162b2 in a case series of children]]

[[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2781601%5C|Myocarditis after immunization with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in members of the U.S. military]]

[[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2781600
|Myocarditis occurring after immunization with COVID-19 mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines]]

[[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2109975|Myocarditis following immunization with Covid-19 mRNA]]

[[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2781602|Patients with acute myocarditis after vaccination withCOVID-19 mRNA]]

[[https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2021211430|Myocarditis associated with vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA]]

[[https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/148/3/e2021052478
|Symptomatic Acute Myocarditis in 7 Adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 
Vaccination]]

[[https://jcmr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12968-021-00795-4|Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging findings in young adult patients with acute myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination: a case series]]

[[https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/clinical-guidance-for-youth-with-myocarditis-and-pericarditis|Clinical Guidance for Young People with Myocarditis and Pericarditis after Vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402228/|Cardiac imaging of acute myocarditis after vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA]]

[[https://academic.oup.com/ehjcr/article/5/8/ytab319/6339567|Case report: acute myocarditis after second dose of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine]]

[[https://science.gc.ca/eic/site/063.nsf/eng/h_98291.html|Myocarditis / pericarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccine]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34312010/|The new COVID-19 mRNA vaccine platform and myocarditis: clues to the possible underlying mechanism]]

[[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.121.013236|Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccination: echocardiographic, cardiac tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging findings]]

[[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056038|In-depth evaluation of a case of presumed myocarditis after the second dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34333695/|Occurrence of acute infarct-like myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: just an accidental coincidence or rather a vaccination-associated autoimmune myocarditis?]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8216855/|Recurrence of acute myocarditis temporally associated with receipt of coronavirus mRNA disease vaccine 2019 (COVID-19) in a male adolescent]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34118375/|Myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a vaccine-induced reaction?]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34180390/|Self-limited myocarditis presenting with chest pain and ST-segment elevation in adolescents after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34487236/|Biopsy-proven lymphocytic myocarditis after first COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in a 40-year-old man: case report]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34277198/|Myocarditis and other cardiovascular complications of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34514306/|Case report: ^cute myocarditis after second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine mRNA-1273]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34364657/.|Acute myocardial infarction within 24 hours after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34416319/.|fulminant myocarditis and systemic hyperinflammation temporally associated with BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in two patients]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34514078/|Lymphohistocytic myocarditis after vaccination with the COVID-19 viral vector Ad26.COV2.S]]

[[https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.21262866v1|Myocarditis associated with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in children aged 12 to 17 years: stratified analysis of a national database]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34601006/|A report of myocarditis adverse events in the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. (VAERS) in association with COVID-19 injectable biologics]]

[[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2110475|Safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Setting]]

[[https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.21262866v1.|Myocarditis associated with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in children aged 12 to 17 years: stratified analysis of a national database]]

[[https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/cid/ciab989/644 5179|Epidemiology of acute myocarditis/pericarditis in Hong Kong adolescents after co-vaccination]]

[[https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciab926/6420408|Myocarditis after 2019 coronavirus disease mRNA vaccine: a case series and determination of incidence rate]]

[[https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/11/1106|Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination]]: inequalities in age and vaccine types]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402230/|Epidemiology and clinical features of myocarditis/pericarditis before the introduction of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in Korean children: a multicenter study]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696294/|Shedding light on post-vaccination myocarditis and pericarditis in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 vaccine recipients]]

[[https://journals.lww.com/pec-online/Abstract/2021/11000/Myocarditis_Following_ mRNA_COVID_19_Vaccine.9.aspx|Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine]]
.
[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34614328/.|Myocarditis following BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 mRNA vaccine in Israel]]

[[https://www.heartlungcirc.org/article/S1443-9506(21)01156-2/fulltext|Myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiomyopathy following COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34277198/|Myocarditis and other cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34246586/|Possible Association Between COVID-19 Vaccine and Myocarditis: Clinical and CMR Findings]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34856634/.|Hypersensitivity Myocarditis and COVID-19 Vaccines]]

[[https://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167-5273(21)01477-7/fulltext|Severe myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccine: zebra or unicorn?]]
.
[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8522388/|Acute myocardial infarction and myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2110737|Myocarditis after Covid-19 vaccination in a large healthcare organization]]

[[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2783052|Association of myocarditis with COVID-19 messenger RNA BNT162b2 vaccine in a case series of children]]

[[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056583?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed|Clinical suspicion of myocarditis temporally related to COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents and young adults]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34756746/|STEMI mimicry: focal myocarditis in an adolescent patient after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8587334/|Myocarditis and pericarditis in association with COVID-19 mRNA vaccination: cases from a regional pharmacovigilance center]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34546329/.|Myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccines]]

[[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2781602|Patients with acute myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination]] 

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X21011725?via%3Dihub|Myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case series]]
.

[[https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/148/5/e2021053427/181357 |Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34704459/|Myocarditis findings on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA in adolescents]]

[[https://academic.oup.com/ehjcimaging/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ehjci/jeab230/6 421640|Myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: magnetic resonance imaging study]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8599115/|Acute myocarditis after administration of the second dose of BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352906721001603|Myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34712717/.|Case report: probable myocarditis after Covid-19 mRNA vaccine in a patient with arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy]]

[[https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-linkresolver-acute-myocarditis-after-administration-bnt162b2-S188558572100133X|Acute myocarditis after administration of BNT162b2 vaccine against COVID-19]]

[[https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2021211430|Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccination]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0248866321007098|Acute myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34589238/.|Acute myopericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents]]

[[https://academic.oup.com/jpids/article/10/10/962/6329543|Perimyocarditis in adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://ecevr.org/DOIx.php?id=10.7774/cevr.2021.10.2.196.|Acute myocarditis associated with anti-COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34428917/|Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccination: echocardiographic, cardiac CT, and MRI findings]] 

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34088762/.|Acute symptomatic myocarditis in 7 adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination]] 

[[https://academic.oup.com/ehjqcco/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcab090/64 42104|Myocarditis and pericarditis in adolescents after first and second doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines]].

[[https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7503/13/3/61.|COVID 19 vaccine for adolescents. Concern for myocarditis and pericarditis]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402228/|Cardiac imaging of acute myocarditis after vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34133885/|Myocarditis temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8639400/|Acute myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccination: report of a case]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34840235/.|Myocarditis following vaccination with COVID-19 messenger RNA: a Japanese case series]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34712497/.|Myocarditis in the setting of a recent COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://www.clinicalimaging.org/article/S0899-7071(21)00265-5/fulltext.|Acute myocarditis after a second dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine: report of two cases]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34568726/|Prevalence of thrombocytopenia, antiplatelet factor 4 antibodies, and elevated D-dimer in Thais after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]]

[[https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/cid/ciab989/6445179|Epidemiology of acute myocarditis/pericarditis in Hong Kong adolescents after co-vaccination]]

[[https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciab926/6420408.|Myocarditis after 2019 coronavirus disease mRNA vaccine: a case series and incidence rate determination]]

[[https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/11/1106|Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: inequalities in age and vaccine types]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402230/|Epidemiology and clinical features of myocarditis/pericarditis before the introduction of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in Korean children: a multicenter study]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696294/|Shedding light on post-vaccination myocarditis and pericarditis in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 vaccine recipients]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34849657/.|Epidemiology of acute myocarditis/pericarditis in Hong Kong adolescents after co-vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34664804/|Myocarditis-induced sudden death after BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in Korea: case report focusing on histopathological findings]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34605853/|Acute myocarditis after vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA in adults aged 18 years or older]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34166671/|Recurrence of acute myocarditis temporally associated with receipt of the 2019 coronavirus mRNA disease vaccine (COVID-19) in an adolescent male]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34744118/|Young male with myocarditis after mRNA-1273 coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34334935/.|Acute myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a 24-year-old male]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34746968/|Ga-DOTATOC digital PET images of inflammatory cell infiltrates in myocarditis after vaccination with COVID-19]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34333695/.|Occurrence of acute infarct-like myocarditis after vaccination with COVID-19: just an accidental coincidence or rather a vaccination-associated autoimmune myocarditis?”]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34180390/|Self-limited myocarditis presenting with chest pain and ST-segment elevation in adolescents after vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34185045/|Myocarditis Following Immunization with COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Members of the U.S. Military]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34229940/|Myocarditis after BNT162b2 vaccination in a healthy male]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34308326/.|Acute myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 mRNA vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34487236/|Biopsy-proven lymphocytic myocarditis after first vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA in a 40-year-old man: case report]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34848416/|Multimodality imaging and histopathology in a young man presenting with fulminant lymphocytic myocarditis and cardiogenic shock after vaccination with mRNA-1273]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34367386/|Acute myocarditis after Comirnaty vaccination in a healthy male with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34709227/|Acute myocarditis in a young adult two days after vaccination with Pfizer]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34778411/|Case report: acute fulminant myocarditis and cardiogenic shock after messenger RNA coronavirus vaccination in 2019 requiring extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34734821/|Acute myocarditis after 2019 coronavirus disease vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34246585/|A series of patients with myocarditis after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 with mRNA-1279 and BNT162b2]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34866122/|Acute myocarditis defined after vaccination with 2019 mRNA of coronavirus disease]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34601566/|Biventricular systolic dysfunction in acute myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34739045/.|Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: MRI study]]

[[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Hc4bh_qNbZ7UVm5BLxkRdMPnnI9zcCsl/e|Acute myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: case report]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34374740/|Association of myocarditis with COVID-19 messenger RNA BNT162b2 vaccine COVID-19 in a case series of children]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34865500/|Clinical suspicion of myocarditis temporally related to COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents and young adults]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34614329/|Myocarditis following vaccination with Covid-19 in a large healthcare organization]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34849667/|Myocarditis and pericarditis in adolescents after the first and second doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34396358/|Myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, a case series]]

[[https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.21267156v1|Epidemiology of myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA vaccines in Ontario, Canada: by vaccine product, schedule, and interval]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34586408/|Acute myocardial infarction and myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34702550/|Acute Myocardial Infarction Within 24 Hours After COVID-19 Vaccination: Is Kounis Syndrome the Culprit?]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34703815/|A case of acute encephalopathy and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after vaccination with mRNA-1273: possible adverse effect]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34292611/|Acute myocardial infarction within 24 hours after COVID-19 vaccination: is Kounis syndrome Clinical and histopathologic spectrum of delayed adverse skin reactions after COVID-19 vaccination.]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33824804/|Premature myocardial infarction or side effect of COVID-19 vaccine]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34416319|Fulminant myocarditis and systemic hyperinflammation temporally associated with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in two patients. Int J Cardiol, 340, 119-121. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.08.018]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34092429|Myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Vaccine, 39(29), 3790-3793. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.087]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34025885|Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination. Radiol Case Rep, 16(8), 2142-2145. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2021.05.033]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34586408|Acute Myocardial Infarction and Myocarditis following COVID-19 Vaccination. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab252]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34756746|Focal Myocarditis in an Adolescent Patient After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. J Emerg Med, 61(6), e129-e132. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.09.017]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34281357|Myocarditis With COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines. Circulation, 144(6), 471-484. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34564344|COVID 19 Vaccine for Adolescents. Concern about Myocarditis and Pericarditis. Pediatr Rep, 13(3), 530-533. doi:10.3390/pediatric13030061]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34333695|Occurrence of acute infarct-like myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: just an accidental co-incidence or rather vaccination-associated autoimmune myocarditis? Clin Res Cardiol, 110(11), 1850-1854. doi:10.1007/s00392-021-01916-w]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34704459|Cardiac MRI Findings of Myocarditis After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Adolescents. AJR Am J Roentgenol. doi:10.2214/AJR.21.26853]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34664804|Myocarditis-induced Sudden Death after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination in Korea: Case Report Focusing on Histopathological Findings. J Korean Med Sci, 36(40), e286. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e286]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34849657|Epidemiology of Acute Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Hong Kong Adolescents Following Comirnaty Vaccination. Clin Infect Dis. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab989]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34933012|Should T2 mapping be used in cases of recurrent myocarditis to differentiate between the acute inflammation and chronic scar? J Pediatr. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.026]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34356586|Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination: What Do We Know So Far? Children (Basel), 8(7). doi:10.3390/children8070607]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34246585|A Series of Patients With Myocarditis Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination With mRNA-1279 and BNT162b2. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 14(9), 1862-1863. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.06.003]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34487236|Biopsy-proven lymphocytic myocarditis following first mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in a 40-year-old male: case report. Clin Res Cardiol, 110(11), 1855-1859. doi:10.1007/s00392-021-01936-6]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34709227|Acute myocarditis in a young adult two days after Pfizer vaccination]. G Ital Cardiol (Rome), 22(11), 891-893. doi:10.1714/3689.36746]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34849667|Myocarditis and Pericarditis in Adolescents after First and Second doses of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcab090]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34237049|Use of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine After Reports of Myocarditis Among Vaccine Recipients: Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – United States, June 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 70(27), 977-982. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34660088|A Late Presentation of COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis. Cureus, 13(9), e17890. doi:10.7759/cureus.17890]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34916217|Myocarditis after vaccination against covid-19. BMJ, 375, n3090. doi:10.1136/bmj.n3090]]

In brief: Myocarditis with the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. (2021). Med Lett Drugs Ther, 63(1629), e9. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34544112https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3454412

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34463755|Myocarditis should be considered in those with a troponin rise and unobstructed coronary arteries following Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab231]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34931681|T2 mapping should be utilised in cases of suspected myocarditis to confirm an acute inflammatory process. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab326]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34342500|Myocarditis Following COVID-19 Vaccination. Radiology, 301(1), E378-E379. doi:10.1148/radiol.2021211766]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34805376|Myocarditis and pericarditis in association with COVID-19 mRNA-vaccination: cases from a regional pharmacovigilance centre. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract, 2021(3), e202118. doi:10.21542/gcsp.2021.18]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34389692|COVID-19 Vaccination-Associated Myocarditis in Adolescents. Pediatrics, 148(5). doi:10.1542/peds.2021-053427]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34744118|Young Male With Myocarditis Following mRNA-1273 Vaccination Against Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Circ J. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-21-0818]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34568540|Kaul, R., Sreenivasan, J., Goel, A., Malik, A., Bandyopadhyay, D., Jin, C., . . . Panza, J. A. (2021). Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc, 36, 100872. doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100872]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34185046|Patients With Acute Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. JAMA Cardiol, 6(10), 1196-1201. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2828]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34402228|Cardiac Imaging of Acute Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. J Korean Med Sci, 36(32), e229. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e229]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34396358|Myocarditis following mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, a case series. Am Heart J Plus, 8, 100042. doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2021.100042]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34393110|mRNA COVID vaccine and myocarditis in adolescents. Hong Kong Med J, 27(5), 326-327. doi:10.12809/hkmj215120]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34463770|Reply to “Letter to the editor: Myocarditis should be considered in those with a troponin rise and unobstructed coronary arteries following PfizerBioNTech COVID-19 vaccination”. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab232]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34535317|Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination – A case series. Vaccine, 39(42), 6195-6200. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.004]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34834458|Myocarditis and Pericarditis following COVID-19 Vaccination: Inequalities in Age and Vaccine Types. J Pers Med, 11(11). doi:10.3390/jpm11111106]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34778411|Case Report: Acute Fulminant Myocarditis and Cardiogenic Shock After Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Requiring Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Front Cardiovasc Med, 8, 758996. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.758996]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34375696|Myocarditis and Pericarditis After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination: Practical Considerations for Care Providers. Can J Cardiol, 37(10), 1629-1634. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2021.08.001]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34614328|Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine against Covid-19 in Israel. N Engl J Med, 385(23), 2140-2149. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2109730]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34166671|Recurrence of Acute Myocarditis Temporally Associated with Receipt of the mRNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine in a Male Adolescent. J Pediatr, 238, 321-323. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.035]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34185045|Myocarditis Following Immunization With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military. JAMA Cardiol, 6(10), 1202-1206. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2833]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34840235|Myocarditis Following a COVID-19 Messenger RNA Vaccination: A Japanese Case Series. Intern Med. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.8731-21]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34876937|Acute Myocarditis Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report. J Cardiol Cases. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2021.11.006]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34402230|Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Myocarditis/Pericarditis before the Introduction of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Korean Children: a Multicenter Study. J Korean Med Sci, 36(32), e232. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e232]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34180390|Self-limited myocarditis presenting with chest pain and ST segment elevation in adolescents after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Cardiol Young, 1-4. doi:10.1017/S1047951121002547]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34496880|Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in young adult patients with acute myocarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination: a case series. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 23(1), 101. doi:10.1186/s12968-021-00795-4]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34907393|Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01630-0]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34367386|Acute myocarditis following Comirnaty vaccination in a healthy man with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Radiol Case Rep, 16(11), 3321-3325. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2021.07.082]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34734240|Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine: A Case Series and Incidence Rate Determination. Clin Infect Dis. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab926]]
[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34739045|Shiyovich, A., Witberg, G., Aviv, Y., Eisen, A., Orvin, K., Wiessman, M., . . . Hamdan, A. (2021). Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeab230]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34605853|Acute Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Adults Aged 18 Years or Older. JAMA Intern Med, 181(12), 1668-1670. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5511]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34341797|Risk of Myocarditis from COVID-19 Infection in People Under Age 20: A Population-Based Analysis. medRxiv. doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.21260998]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34282971|Myocarditis Associated with mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. Radiology, 301(2), E409-E411. doi:10.1148/radiol.2021211430]]
[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34420869|Temporal association between the COVID-19 Ad26.COV2.S vaccine and acute myocarditis: A case report and literature review. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. doi:10.1016/j.carrev.2021.08.012]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34514306|Case report: acute myocarditis following the second dose of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Eur Heart J Case Rep, 5(8), ytab319. doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytab319]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34955479|Eosinophilic Myocarditis Following Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination. Circ J. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-21-0935]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34865500|Clinically Suspected Myocarditis Temporally Related to COVID-19 Vaccination in Adolescents and Young Adults. Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056583]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34277198|Myocarditis and Other Cardiovascular Complications of the mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines. Cureus, 13(6), e15576. doi:10.7759/cureus.15576]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34731877|Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. Pediatr Emerg Care, 37(11), 583-584. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000002557]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34229940|Myocarditis after BNT162b2 vaccination in a healthy male. Am J Emerg Med, 50, 815 e811-815 e812. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.06.051]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34614329|Myocarditis after Covid-19 Vaccination in a Large Health Care Organization. N Engl J Med, 385(23), 2132-2139. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2110737]]

In brief: Myocarditis with the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. (2021). Med Lett Drugs Ther, 63(1629), e9. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34544112https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3454412

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34463755|Myocarditis should be considered in those with a troponin rise and unobstructed coronary arteries following Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab231]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34342500|Myocarditis Following COVID-19 Vaccination. Radiology, 301(1), E378-E379. doi:10.1148/radiol.2021211766]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34805376|Myocarditis and pericarditis in association with COVID-19 mRNA-vaccination: cases from a regional pharmacovigilance centre. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract, 2021(3), e202118. doi:10.21542/gcsp.2021.18]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34389692|COVID-19 Vaccination-Associated Myocarditis in Adolescents. Pediatrics, 148(5). doi:10.1542/peds.2021-053427]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34744118|Young Male With Myocarditis Following mRNA-1273 Vaccination Against Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Circ J. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-21-0818]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34568540|Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc, 36, 100872. doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100872]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34185046|Patients With Acute Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. JAMA Cardiol, 6(10), 1196-1201. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2828]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34402228|Cardiac Imaging of Acute Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. J Korean Med Sci, 36(32), e229. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e229]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34396358|Myocarditis following mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, a case series. Am Heart J Plus, 8, 100042. doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2021.100042]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34393110|mRNA COVID vaccine and myocarditis in adolescents. Hong Kong Med J, 27(5), 326-327. doi:10.12809/hkmj215120]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34463770|Reply to “Letter to the editor: Myocarditis should be considered in those with a troponin rise and unobstructed coronary arteries following PfizerBioNTech COVID-19 vaccination”. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab232]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34535317|Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination – A case series. Vaccine, 39(42), 6195-6200. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.004]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34834458|Myocarditis and Pericarditis following COVID-19 Vaccination: Inequalities in Age and Vaccine Types. J Pers Med, 11(11). doi:10.3390/jpm11111106]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34778411|Case Report: Acute Fulminant Myocarditis and Cardiogenic Shock After Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Requiring Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Front Cardiovasc Med, 8, 758996. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.758996]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34375696|Myocarditis and Pericarditis After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination: Practical Considerations for Care Providers. Can J Cardiol, 37(10), 1629-1634. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2021.08.001]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34614328|Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine against Covid-19 in Israel. N Engl J Med, 385(23), 2140-2149. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2109730]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34166671|Recurrence of Acute Myocarditis Temporally Associated with Receipt of the mRNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine in a Male Adolescent. J Pediatr, 238, 321-323. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.035]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34185045|Myocarditis Following Immunization With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military. JAMA Cardiol, 6(10), 1202-1206. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2833]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34840235|Myocarditis Following a COVID-19 Messenger RNA Vaccination: A Japanese Case Series. Intern Med. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.8731-21]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34876937|Acute Myocarditis Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report. J Cardiol Cases. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2021.11.006]] 

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34860360|Features of Inflammatory Heart Reactions Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination at a Global Level. Clin Pharmacol Ther. doi:10.1002/cpt.2499]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34921468|Cardiac complications following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review of case reports and case series. Rev Med Virol, e2318. doi:10.1002/rmv.2318]]

[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34808708|A review of COVID-19 vaccination and the reported cardiac manifestations. Singapore Med J. doi:10.11622/smedj.2021210]]

[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352906721000622|Temporal relationship between the second dose of BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine and cardiac involvement in a patient with previous SARS-COV-2 infection ]]

[[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2788346|Myocarditis Cases Reported After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in the US From December 2020 to August 2021]]

[[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2116999?query=featured_home|Myocarditis after BNT162b2 Vaccination in Israeli Adolescents]]

[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35404496/|Risk of myopericarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in a large integrated health system: A comparison of completeness and timeliness of two methods]]

===== Link dump =====

January 11, 2022 Myocarditis post-vaccination; should we be concerned? By Maryanne Demasi, PHD [[https://maryannedemasi.com/publications/f/myocarditis-post-vaccination-%E2%80%93-should-we-be-concerned]]

[[https://61b87bfde22db9000824d656--i-do-not-consent.netlify.app/media/A%20Report%20on%20Myocarditis%20Adverse%20Events%20in%20the%20U.S.%20Vaccine%20AdverseEvents%20Reporting%20System%20%28VAERS%29%20in%20Association%20with%20COVID19%20Injectable%20Biological%20Products.pdf| A report on myocarditis adverse events in the U.S.vaccine adverse events reporting system (VAERS) in association with COVID-19 injectable biological products]]

A Joseph Mercola piece for Epoch Times, January 15, 2022, [[https://www.theepochtimes.com/more-children-die-from-the-covid-shot-than-from-covid_4215381.html? | "Do More Children Die From the COVID Shot Than From COVID?"]] Use this [[https://www.theepochtimes.com/more-children-die-from-the-covid-shot-than-from-covid_4215381.html?utm_source=newsnoe&utm_campaign=breaking-2022-01-15-4&utm_medium=email2&est=svwQiSU3%2F6SZ5A8b48e1Ef59XwEcPUxLH7Slc5zNxO%2Bgku4YtY9HisFQ4xGr7yo%3D | link]] to avoid becoming a subscriber.