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 ==== History ====
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 On 1758, Johann Rudolph Geigy-Gemuseus (1733-1793) fiunded trading company J.R. Geigy in Basel, Switzerland to deal in "Materials, Chemicals, Dyes and Drugs of All Kinds."
+In 1859 Alexander Clavel (1805-1873) takes up the production of [[fuchsine]] a synthetic dye, in his silk dying factory in Basel, Switzerland.
+In 1886 the chemical company Kern & Sandoz is founded in Basel, Switzerland by Dr. Alfred Kern (1850-1893) and Edouard Sandoz (1853-1928). The first dyes produced are alizarin blue and auramine.
+In 1900 Ciba produces its first pharmaceutical substance; Vioform and anticeptic and Salen, an antirheumatid agent.
 ((https://web.archive.org/web/20200804164207/https://www.novartis.us/about-us/who-we-are/company-history))
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 Made up of two business units – [[Novartis Pharmaceuticals]] which includes [[Novartis Gene Therapies]], and [[Novartis Oncology]] – our [[Innovative Medicines]] division commercializes innovative patented medicines to enhance health outcomes for patients and healthcare professionals.
 [[Sandoz]] is a global leader in generic pharmaceuticals and biosimilars that pioneers novel approaches to help people around the world access high-quality medicines.
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 [[Advanced Accelerator Applications]] is a Novartis company focused exclusively on radioligand therapy and precision imaging.((https://web.archive.org/web/20211008212417/https://www.novartis.com/about))
 ===== Affiliations =====