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+==== History ====
+Novartis was created in 1996 through a merger of [[Ciba-Geigy]] and [[Sandoz]]. Novartis and its predecessor companies trace roots back more than 250 years, with a rich history of developing innovative products. From beginnings in the production of synthetic fabric dyes, the companies that eventually became Novartis branched out into producing [[chemicals]] and ultimately pharmaceuticals.
+The history of Novartis traces the converging destinies of three companies; Geigy, a chemicals and dyes trading company founded in Basel, Switzerland in the middle of the 18th century; Ciba, which began producing dyes in 1859; and Sandoz, a chemical company founded in Basel in 1886.
+On 1758, Johann Rudolph Geigy-Gemuseus (1733-1793) fiunded trading company J.R. Geigy in Basel, Switzerland to deal in "Materials, Chemicals, Dyes and Drugs of All Kinds."
+In 1859 Alexander Clavel (1805-1873) takes up the production of [[fuchsine]] a synthetic dye, in his silk dying factory in Basel, Switzerland.
+In 1886 the chemical company Kern & Sandoz is founded in Basel, Switzerland by Dr. Alfred Kern (1850-1893) and Edouard Sandoz (1853-1928). The first dyes produced are alizarin blue and auramine.
+In 1900 Ciba produces its first pharmaceutical substance; Vioform and anticeptic and Salen, an antirheumatid agent.
+((https://web.archive.org/web/20200804164207/https://www.novartis.us/about-us/who-we-are/company-history))
 **Novartis AG** is a multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Switzerland.
+Made up of two business units – [[Novartis Pharmaceuticals]] which includes [[Novartis Gene Therapies]], and [[Novartis Oncology]] – our [[Innovative Medicines]] division commercializes innovative patented medicines to enhance health outcomes for patients and healthcare professionals.
+[[Sandoz]] is a global leader in generic pharmaceuticals and biosimilars that pioneers novel approaches to help people around the world access high-quality medicines.
+Advanced Accelerator Applications
+[[Advanced Accelerator Applications]] is a Novartis company focused exclusively on radioligand therapy and precision imaging.((https://web.archive.org/web/20211008212417/https://www.novartis.com/about))
 ===== Affiliations =====