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 ===== Research =====
 Hotez and colleagues are the recipients of millions of dollars in [[National Institutes of Health]] funding, most of which is for RBD recombinant protein-based SARS vaccine for biodefense.(([[https://reporter.nih.gov/search/WNMviEkAEk-ohjdU9a9JTg/projects?fy=2020;2019;2016;2015;2014;2013;2012;2011;2008;2002;2001;2000;1999;1998;1997;1996;1995;1994;1993|reporter.nih.gov]]))
+==== Grant Funding ====
+- SARS-CoV RNA Vaccine Development
+{{ ::peter_hotez_nih_grant_sars-cov_jabes_2014_w_spike_rbd.png?600|}}
+RBD recombinant protein-based [[:SARS vaccine]] for biodefense
+Hotez, Peter J.    Bottazzi, Maria Elena    Jiang, Shibo
+Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
+ABSTRACT
+The **2002-2003 pandemic** of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) posed an enormous threat to global public health and the social and economic stability. Its causative pathogen, the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), has been classified by NIAID as a [[:Category C Priority Pathogen]]. SARS outbreaks remain a serious concern mainly due to possible [[:zoonotic]] reintroduction of SARS-CoV into humans, accidental release from a laboratory or deliberate spreading of the virus by a [[:bioterrorist]] attack.
+Therefore, an **effective and safe vaccine is urgently needed** for preventing future SARS outbreaks and for [[:biodefense]] preparedness. We have identified a highly promising lead candidate vaccine antigen, the [[:receptor binding domain]] (RBD) of the SARS- CoV ( S ) [[:spike protein]] that contains the major [[:neutralizing epitopes]] and can induce potent [[:neutralizing antibody]] response and protection in animals against SARS-CoV infection.
+To rapidly translate our initial proof of concept findings into a solid platform of [[:clinical trials]], a consortium of experts was put together consisting of scientists from Baylor College Medicine, the new home of [[:Sabin Vaccine Institute]]'s product development partnership (BCM-Sabin), the [[:New York Blood Center]] (NYBC) and the [[:University of Texas Medical Branch]] (UTMB), and in partnership with **industrial partners and non-profit** organizations.
+The specific aims of this application are: (1) Expression, purification and pre-clinical characterization of the recombinant RBD (rRBD) protein as a vaccine candidate. The rRBD protein will be **expressed in bacteria and yeast expression systems** and one of these expression systems will be selected for subsequent studies based on yields, purity, stability, antigenicity, functionality, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the rRBD protein.
+The immunization regimens will be optimized and the ability of rRBD protein to induce cross-neutralizing antibody response, cross-protection and long-term immune responses and protection will be assessed. (2) Process development, characterization, formulation and stability profiling. A scalable and reproducible fermentation process for rRBD (10 liter scale) and a purification process using chromatographic technologies will be developed.
+Reproducibility will be confirmed. The specific product quality assays and vaccine formulations with alum and/or glucopyrranosyl lipid A (GLA), an innate adjuvant, will be developed. These assays and procedures will serve the basis for formal lot release and stability evaluation post-manufacturing. (3) Technology transfer, cGMP Manufacture, GLP toxicology and IND Preparation.
+The **cell bank production**, production processes and the formulation technology for the rRBD-based SARS vaccine will be transferred to [[:Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]] (WRAIR) pilot facility for 60-L scale GMP manufacture, formulation and fill and finish. The clinical lots will be released by Sabin- Texas and following a pre-IND meeting with the U.S. FDA, GLP toxicology will be initiated at [[:Frontier Biosciences]], a Maryland-based contractor.
+Public Health Relevance
+[[:SARS-CoV]] is the first new human infectious disease agent of this century classified by NIAID as a [[:Category C Priority Pathogen]], and SARS outbreaks still remain a serious global concern mainly due to possible zoonotic reintroduction of SARS-CoV into humans or accidental release from a laboratory or deliberate spreading of the virus by a bioterrorist.
+{{ ::peter_hotez_nih_grant_sars-cov_jabes_2014.png?400|}}
+We have identified a highly promising lead candidate vaccine antigen, the [[:receptor binding domain]] (RBD) of the [[:SARS-CoV spike]] (S) protein that can **induce potent neutralizing antibody response** and protection against SARS-CoV infection. Our objective is to develop a highly effective and safe recombinant RBD-based SARS vaccine that can be used in humans for prevention of future SARS outbreak and for biodefense preparedness.
+Funding Agency - [[:National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) - [[:National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] (NIAID) Research Project (R01) # 3R01AI098775-03S - Application #8852373
+**Project Start 2012-05-04 - Project End 2017-04-30**
+Budget Start 2014-06-16  -  Budget End 2015-04-30
+Support Year 3 - Fiscal Year 2014 - Total Cost $3,936 - Indirect Cost $1,434 ((https://web.archive.org/web/20200403184154/https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-AI098775-03S1))
+==== Biodefense SARS-CoV Vaccine Development Program ===
+{{ ::hotez_fund_summary_2012_to_2016.png?600 |}}
+ABSTRACT above is identical copy/paste in every subsequent funding submission. Summary
+((https://web.archive.org/web/20211004020436/https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-AI098775-05))
+Individual Awards
+Fiscal Year - 2012 - Total Cost $1,501,840((https://web.archive.org/web/20221226204630/https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-AI098775-01))
+Fiscal Year - 2013 - Total Cost  $1,085,321((https://web.archive.org/web/20210227103058/https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-AI098775-02))
+Fiscal Year - 2015 - Total Cost - $1,165,726((https://web.archive.org/web/20201021222443/https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-AI098775-04))
 ==== Infectious Disease in China ====
@@ Line 83: / Line 139: @@
 Dr. [[:Peter Hotez]], who received a $6.1 million grant from the [[:National Institutes of Health]] for the development of a SARS vaccine that had the stated aim of responding to any “accidental release from a laboratory,” denounced plans to conduct hearings next year into the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 leaked from the Wuhan lab in China ((https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/vaccine-industry-peter-hotez-funded-wuhan-gain-of-function-study/))
+==== Leading 2022 Anti-vaxx Smear Campaign ====
+Baylor Pediatrics Professor Who Is a Fauci Disciple Rips Medical Freedom Movement as ‘Anti-Science Aggression’ and ‘Major Killing Force’
+{{ ::peter_hotez_antivax_smear_campaign_2022.png?600|}}
+by Susan Berry, PhD | Dec 17, 2022
+A fervid follower of retiring Dr. [[:Anthony Fauci]] said the global medical freedom movement should be called “anti-science aggression” because it has become a “major killing force … linked to far extremism on the far right” and has led to the deaths of 200,000 Americans “who needlessly lost their lives because they refused a [[:COVID vaccine]].”
+In a political rant against those who have exposed the collusion between the federal government, the giants of technology, and the pharmaceutical industry in promoting the [[:mRNA]] COVID shots, Dr. Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine and Professor of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology at [[:Baylor College of Medicine]], posted a video message to Twitter that was retweeted by the [[:World Health Organization]] (WHO).
+      * “Anti-vaccine activism, which I actually call anti-science aggression, has now become a major killing force globally."
+  *     – @PeterHotez, Professor and Dean @BCM_TropMed, on the devastating impact of #misinformation and disinformation. pic.twitter.com/ZluiMGJ2gX
+  *
+  *     — World Health Organization (WHO) (@WHO) December 14, 2022
+  *
+  * “We have to recognize that anti-vaccine activism, which I actually call anti-science aggression, is now become a major killing force globally,” Hotez said, adding:
+  *
+  *     During the COVID pandemic in the United States, 200,000 Americans needlessly lost their lives because they refused a COVID vaccine, even after vaccines became widely available, and now the anti-vaccine activism is expanding across the world, even into low- and middle-income countries. It’s a killing force. **Anti-science now kills more people than things like gun violence, global terrorism, nuclear proliferation and cyber- attacks.** And now it’s become a political movement, in the US, it’s linked to far extremism on the far right, same in Germany. So this is a new face of [[:anti-science]] aggression. And so we need political solutions to address this.
+  *
+  * Hotez’s video message is published as House Republicans are planning to demand testimony from Biden officials with expertise on the origins of COVID-19 in China and taxpayer funding for virus research in Wuhan.
+      * Remember these are the same [[:House Freedom Caucus]] guys who discouraged Americans from taking Covid vaccines, resulting in the unnecessary deaths of 200,000 [[:unvaccinated]] Americans. They don’t care about you or your family, and they don’t care if there’s a 4th pandemic.
+  *
+  *     — Prof Peter Hotez MD PhD (@PeterHotez) December 16, 2022
+  *
+Hotez echoes the very words of Fauci, who retires at the end of the month as director of the [[:National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] (NIAID), and as Joe Biden’s chief medical advisor.
+In a recent interview with ABC News, Fauci said what concerns him the most about the state of science and medicine in America is “misinformation” and “disinformation.”
+“Misinformation and disinformation is really hurting so many things, including people’s trust in science,” Fauci said. “It becomes very difficult to get people to fully appreciate the truth of what’s going on — which will ultimately impact how we respond, in this case, to a pandemic, like COVID-19.” ((https://web.archive.org/web/20221222085422/https://thestarnewsnetwork.com/2022/12/17/baylor-pediatrics-professor-who-is-a-fauci-disciple-rips-medical-freedom-movement-as-anti-science-aggression-and-major-killing-force/))
+Hotez acted as a peer reviewer for a [[Council of Canadian Academies]] (CCA) report titled //Fault Lines//, published in January 2023. The report analyzed “misinformation” and “disinformation” during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. It was commissioned and paid for by the [[Government of Canada]] through [[Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada]] (ISED).((//Fault Lines.// (2023, January 26). CCA Reports. https://web.archive.org/web/20230128035132/https://www.cca-reports.ca/reports/the-socioeconomic-impacts-of-health-and-science-misinformation/))
+==== COVID Vaccines Conflict of Interest ====
+Vaccine Industry Insider Peter Hotez Helped Fund Wuhan Gain-of-Function Study
+Dr. Peter Hotez, who received a $6.1 million grant from the [[:National Institutes of Health]] for the development of a SARS vaccine that had the stated aim of responding to any “accidental release from a laboratory,” denounced plans to conduct hearings next year into the possibility that [[:SARS-CoV-2]] leaked from the Wuhan lab in China.
+[[:USRTK]] - US Right to Know By Emily Kopp - August 10, 2022
+A prominent scientist who denounced a congressional investigation into gain-of-function research helped fund Wuhan Institute of Virology gain-of-function work flagged by congressional investigators.
+Dr. Peter Hotez, dean of the Baylor College of Medicine National School of Tropical Medicine, has been a fierce critic of potential hearings next year into a possible lab origin of COVID-19 and whether the National Institutes of Health (NIH) prematurely discredited the hypothesis.
+Hotez decried the hearings as nothing less than “a plan to undermine the fabric of science in America” in a viral tweet thread last week. Hotez also dismissed as an “outlandish conspiracy” the possibility that a lab accident sparked the COVID-19 pandemic.
+However, Hotez’s own 2012 to 2017 NIH grant for the development of a SARS vaccine had the stated aim of responding to any “accidental release from a laboratory,” in addition to a possible zoonotic spillover of the virus.
+The $6.1 million NIH grant also raises the possibility of “deliberate spreading of the virus by a bioterrorist attack.”
+“SARS outbreaks remain a serious concern mainly due to possible zoonotic reintroduction of SARS-CoV into humans, accidental release from a laboratory, or deliberate spreading of the virus by a bioterrorist attack,” the grant’s description reads.((https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/vaccine-industry-peter-hotez-funded-wuhan-gain-of-function-study/))((https://web.archive.org/web/20221226103139/https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/vaccine-industry-peter-hotez-funded-wuhan-gain-of-function-study/))
+==== Antiscience - Anti-Vax - Anti-Semitism ====
+{{ ::peter_hotez_anti-vax_anti-semite_jan_2023.png?400|}}
+Global Vaccinations: New Urgency to Surmount a Triple Threat of Illness, Antiscience, and Anti-Semitism
+Peter J. Hotez, M.D., Ph.D
+INTRODUCTION
+Because of rising antivaccine activism and some key global policy missteps, we risk eroding more than 70 years of global health gains. This is occurring through an enabled and empowered antiscience ecosystem, with anti-Semitism and the targeting of Jewish biomedical scientists at its core.
+((https://web.archive.org/web/20230214100836/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9888484/))
+==== Hotez Book Interview ====
+A Virulent Antisemitism: An Interview with Dr. Peter Hotez
+December 19, 2022 By Jennifer Bardi
+{{ ::peter_hotez_book_interview.png?400|}}
+Peter J. Hotez (MD, PhD) is internationally known for his public science advocacy, having taken on anti-vax groups’ attempts to connect autism with vaccines and, more recently, for combating misinformation about fighting COVID.
+He regularly appears on major news shows and in print media and maintains an active presence on Twitter. In his forthcoming book, **The Deadly Rise of Anti-Science: How Health Freedom Propaganda Endangers the World**, Hotez estimates that 200,000 Americans needlessly lost their lives from COVID during the last half of 2021 alone, which he largely blames on propaganda from the far right.
+The Anti-Defamation League presented you with the 2021 Milton S. Popkin Award, recognizing your efforts to combat antisemitism and its links to the anti-vaccine movement. Can you talk about those links and how it became a political force?
+The anti-vaccine movement started with false assertions that vaccines cause autism, and that revved up in the early 2000s. Then, about ten years ago, it pivoted to become a political movement linked to the Republican Tea Party’s concept of health freedom, or medical freedom.
+That’s when the first anti-vaccine political action committees were set up in Texas and other states to support far-right candidates who pushed health freedom propaganda, mostly linked to vaccines. During COVID-19, the movement expanded beyond childhood vaccinations to COVID vaccinations and other COVID prevention measures.
+That’s when it gained a lot of political strength and when you started to see the health freedom/medical freedom movement adopted by the [[:House Freedom Caucus]] in the U.S. Congress, amplified on [:Fox News]] by senators like [[:Rand Paul]] and [[:Ron Johnson]]. Every night Fox News was **spewing out rhetoric claiming vaccines were not effective or they weren’t safe.**
+You started to see the white nationalist [[:Proud Boys]] marching at anti-vaccine rallies. And, in fact, the first arrests in the [[:January 6th insurrection]] included [[:anti-vaccine]] activists. There became a very tight link between far-right extremism and anti-vaccine/anti-science rhetoric.
+((https://web.archive.org/web/20230130020232/https://momentmag.com/a-virulent-antisemitism-interview-with-dr-peter-hotez/))
+==== Fact Check Peter Hotez Anti-Vax smears ====
+Antivax = Antisemitism?
+Weaponizing language is just another competitive strategy
+Substack - Robert W Malone MD, MS - March 15, 2023
+Dr. Peter Hotez has recently published an opinion piece in an obscure academic journal in which he constructs a false equivalence between right wing politics, “Antiscience”, vaccine and vax mandate hesitancy (“Antivaxxer”), and antisemitism.
+According to this article, In his forthcoming book, The Deadly Rise of Anti-Science: How Health Freedom Propaganda Endangers the World (Johns Hopkins Press anticipated 2023), Hotez estimates that 200,000 Americans needlessly lost their lives from COVID during the last half of 2021 alone, which he largely blames on propaganda from the far right.
+Dr. Peter Hotez:
+Nicole, I think by next week we're going to reach 675,000 Americans who've lost their life from COVID-19. That number is significant because that's the CDC's estimate of the number of people who died in the 1918 to 1921 flu pandemic. So we're about to exceed that, and we're going to reach around 800,000 deaths by the end of the year. And so many of those deaths were not only from the SARS-2 coronavirus, it was defiance, defiance against vaccines, especially in the last few months. This is death by anti-science, and a lot of this has been coming out of the nighttime Fox News anchors, this disinformation.
+And I'm often asked about Tucker Carlson or the others, Laura Ingram. I don't know. And what I say is, look, I don't think this has anything to do with the individual Fox anchors. This is coming from the top. This is a war of aggression against science and scientists coming out of Fox News as part of a larger authoritarian effort to discredit science and scientists, and I don't really really know what the motivation is, but it's having just a devastating effect. Just since May alone, Nicole, a hundred thousand Americans who have lost their lives, almost all of them unvaccinated despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines. These are a hundred thousand lives that never had to be lost. And then it's goes beyond heartbreaking.
+Editors note: Actually, to the extent that those lives lost were actually attributable to COVID-19 disease, we now know that almost all could have been prevented with early treatment using repurposed drugs. And we also know that the “vaccines” were neither safe nor effective in preventing infection, replication, and spread of the virus. And that the mortality attributed to COVID-19 in the USA was among the worst in the world.((https://rwmalonemd.substack.com/p/antivax-antisemitism))