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+====== Julie E. Ledgerwood ======
 {{  ledgerwood.jpg}}
 **Julie E. Ledgerwood** is an American allergist and immunologist, who is the chief medical officer and serves as chief of the Clinical Trials Program at the Vaccine Research Center (VRC) of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. She is a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ((https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/julie-e-ledgerwood-do)).
+===== Claims about Covid Vaccines =====
+Julie Ledgerwood made these claims during an NIH  panel discussion on the Ethics of Vaccine Mandates ((https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=44165)):
+  * That she has no conflict of interest to disclose.
+    * Yet, a slide in the presentation reads: "**The VRC/NIAID has a research collaboration agreement with Moderna to study COVID vaccines.**"
+  * She claims the Pfizer efficacy is as follows:
+^ Age    ^ Efficacy  ^ Reference  ^
+| 16+    |       95% | [[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577|Polack et al. NEJM 383:2603, 2020]]  |
+| 12-15  |      100% | [[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107456|Frenck et al. NEJM 385:239, 2021]]   |
+| 5-11   |       91% | [[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2116298|Walter et al. NEJM online Nov.9, 2021   ]] |
+  * She claims the Moderna efficacy is as follows:
+^ Age    ^ Efficacy  ^ Reference  ^
+| 18+    |   94% | [[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389|Baden et al. NEJM 384:403, 2021]]  |
+| 12-17  |  100% | [[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2109522|Ali et al. NEJM online Aug. 11, 2021 ]] |
+  * She claims the Janssen efficacy is as follows:
+^ Age    ^ Efficacy  ^ Reference  ^
+| 18+    |       66% (85% severe disease) | [[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2101544|Sadoff et al. NEJM 384:2187, 2021]] |
+  * She presents the following slides as evidence for "Real world" effectiveness of the vaccines, claiming they confirm vaccine effectiveness over 90%:
+    * [[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2102153|NEJM 384:1962, 2021]]
+    * [[https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7013e3.htm|CDC MMWR Weekly / April 2, 2021]]
+  * She claims vaccines are typically monitored for safety by VAERS
+    * She claims additional monitoring systems are in place, where a slide shows: v-safe, VSD and CISA.
+  * She claims there is an unprecedented, multi-layer levels of vaccine safety surveillance for Covid vaccines.
+  * On Adverse Events, she claims ((https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/adverse-events.html)):
+    * Anaphylaxis: happens in 2 to 5 people per million vaccinated. She claims it is similar to other vaccines.
+    * TTS: CDC and FDA monitoring and watching, lot of research going into why this is happening.
+      * She claims it has impacted how the Janssen vaccine is used, and alerted the population to watch for these symptoms.
+      * Her slides claim 54 reports of TTS were confirmed after 16.4 million doses of Janssen.
+      * Her slides claim 2 reports of TTS were confirmed after 437 million doses of Moderna.
+      * Her slides claim that, based on available data, there is not an increased risk for TTS after mRNA Covid-19 vaccination.
+    * Myo/pericarditis:
+      * She claims about half of VAERS reports seem to be valid reports that might be vaccine related, which have to be further evaluated for severity and outcome.
+      * She claims this reaction is most seen in younger males, and generally self limited.
+      * She claims this has been considered thoroughly by the FDA and CDC advisory panels in their Risk Benefit Analysis.
+        * It isn't clear to which Risk Benefit Analysis she refers. Could be this one: https://web.archive.org/web/20211026200013/https://www.fda.gov/media/153507/download
+      * She claims the FDA and CDC looked at the risks mentioned above, and the risks of Covid to applicable populations, and determined that the benefits of the vaccine far outweigh the risks.
+      * She claims this also allowed us to understand how Covid causes myo/pericarditis.
+  * She claims the CDC also looked at all cause of death among vaccinated vs. unvaccinated.
+    * She claims vaccinated people have lower rate of deaths, according to a study of 11 million people ((https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7043e2.htm)).
+  * She claims 1000 people are dying of Covid every day in the USA, largely the unvaccinated.
+  * She claims unvaccinated people have a tenfold greater risk of death than vaccinated.
+    * She claims this is backed by multiple assessments in multiple states and countries.
+  * She claims the death rate increased by 15.9% during the pandemic, and that life expectancy has been decreased.
+  * She claims Covid is the 3rd leading cause of death in the USA, after heart disease and cancer.
+  * She claims there were **more deaths by Covid in 2021 than in 2020**.
+  * She claims the data consistently shows case, hospitalization and death rates are far higher in unvaccinated.
+    * She claims the risk of death among unvaccinated is 14X higher than among vaccinated.
+    * She claims this data has been replicated and shown consistently.
+    * She claims **vaccinated people are not occupying health care facilities**.
+    * She claims that, in Texas, unvaccinated people were 20X more likely to die than fully vaccinated.
+  * She stated that **vaccinations that occur in one month intervals are priming series**. It wasn't quite clear why she said that in the context.
+  * She claims that, in a 2-month interim analysis((https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-11-19/02-COVID-Perez-508.pdf)), efficacy against symptomatic Covid-19 in boosted group was 95.6%.
+  * She claims this was also corroborated by Israel data.
+  * In Summary: She claims Covid vaccines are **safe and effective**.