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covid-19_vaccines:adverse_events:myocarditis [2022/01/21 22:45]
robin 		covid-19_vaccines:adverse_events:myocarditis [2022/07/15 06:21] (current)
liam
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 ====== COVID-19 Vaccine Associated Myocarditis ====== ====== COVID-19 Vaccine Associated Myocarditis ======
 +
 During the experimental [[:COVID-19 vaccines]] campaign, many vaccine recipients have suffered vaccine-associated [[:myocarditis]]. There is a debate over the nature of the damage caused in these cases of myocarditis as well as the relative risk of myocarditis associated with [[:SARS-CoV-2]] infection or [[:COVID-19]] cases. During the experimental [[:COVID-19 vaccines]] campaign, many vaccine recipients have suffered vaccine-associated [[:myocarditis]]. There is a debate over the nature of the damage caused in these cases of myocarditis as well as the relative risk of myocarditis associated with [[:SARS-CoV-2]] infection or [[:COVID-19]] cases.
  
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 ===== Research ===== ===== Research =====
 +
 Increased occurrence of myocarditis, pericarditis and myopericarditis has been associated with Covid-19 inoculations,((https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01630-0)) along with Covid-19 infection.  Increased occurrence of myocarditis, pericarditis and myopericarditis has been associated with Covid-19 inoculations,((https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01630-0)) along with Covid-19 infection. 
  
 {{ :myocarditis_vaers.jpg?600 |}} {{ :myocarditis_vaers.jpg?600 |}}
  
 +^             Incidence of Myocarditis Following the Second Dose of a Covid-19 mRNA Vaccine               ^^^^^^^^^ 
 +^  ^  Male: Age 12-15  ^  Male: Age 12-17  ^   Male: Age 16-17  ^   Male: Age 16-19  ^   Male: Age 18-24  ^  Male: Age < 30  ^  Male: Age < 40  ^  Rate from Sars-cov-2  ^
 +| Kaiser Permanente Study - Dec 27, 2021((https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.21268209v1))|  -  |  1 / 1860   |  1 / 2650    |  
 +| Nature Medicine Paper - Dec 25, 2021((https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.21268276v1))|  -  |   |  -  |  101 excess events per million (Moderna)  |   30 excess events per million  |
 +| USA FDA ACIP Meeting Presentation((http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2)) |  |   |  62.8 per million  |   |  50.5 per million  |
 +| Israel MoH((https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2116999?query=featured_home)) |  1 / 12,361   |
 +| Oster, CDC((https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2788346)) |  71 per million (pfizer)  |  106 per million (pfizer)  |    |   |   56 per million (moderna)  |
 +| Mevorach, Israel((https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2109730)) |  -  |   -  |  -  |   1 / 6637  |
  
-^             Incidence of Myocarditis Following the Second Dose of a Covid-19 mRNA Vaccine                 ^^^^^^^  +A research letter published by JAMA claimed that rates of myocarditis and pericarditis increased less than 100% post-vaccination.((August 4, 2021 | George A. Diaz et al | [[:JAMA]] | Myocarditis and Pericarditis After Vaccination for COVID-19 | [[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782900|doi:10.1001/jama.2021.13443]]))
-^  ^  Age 12 - 17  ^  Male Age 12-17  ^  Age 18 - 24  ^  Male Age 18-24  ^  Male Age < 40  ^  Rate from Sars-cov-2  ^ +
-| Kaiser Permanente Study - Dec 27, 2021((https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.21268209v1)) |  1/1860   |  1/2650    |  +
-| Nature Medicine Paper - Dec 25, 2021((https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.21268276v1))|  -  |  -  |  101 excess events per million (Moderna)  |   30 excess events per million  | +
-| USA FDA ACIP Meeting Presentation((http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2)) |  |  62.8 per million  |   |  50.5 per million  |+
  
  
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 The CDC continued to recommend use of these vaccinations while urging doctors to follow a list of clinical guidelines and to make VAERS reports as needed. ((https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/myocarditis.html)) The CDC continued to recommend use of these vaccinations while urging doctors to follow a list of clinical guidelines and to make VAERS reports as needed. ((https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/myocarditis.html))
  
-In the December 31, 2020 MMWR the CDC released information related to COVID-19 vaccine safety in children aged 5–11 years, covering the November 3–December 19, 2021 period of slightly over a five weeks.  The information was drawn from VEARS and VSAFE and was restricted to those who received Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. ((https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm705152a1.htm))+In the December 31, 2021 MMWR the CDC released information related to COVID-19 vaccine safety in children aged 5–11 years, covering the November 3–December 19, 2021 period of slightly over a five weeks.  The information was drawn from VEARS and VSAFE and was restricted to those who received Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. ((https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm705152a1.htm)) 
 + 
 +==== Small Hong Kong Studies ==== 
 + 
 +'Carditis After COVID-19 Vaccination With a Messenger RNA Vaccine and an Inactivated Virus Vaccine' (Lai, Li et al., 2022)((https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M21-3700)) 
 +"Conclusion: Despite a low absolute risk, there is an increased risk for carditis associated with BNT162b2 vaccination. This elevated risk should be weighed against the benefits of vaccination."
  
-==== Small Hong Kong Study ==== 
 'Epidemiology of Acute Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Hong Kong Adolescents Following Comirnaty Vaccination' (Chua, Kwan et al., 2021)((https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34849657/)) 'Epidemiology of Acute Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Hong Kong Adolescents Following Comirnaty Vaccination' (Chua, Kwan et al., 2021)((https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34849657/))
 "Conclusions: There is a significant increase in the risk of acute myocarditis/pericarditis following Comirnaty vaccination among Chinese male adolescents, especially after the second dose." "Conclusions: There is a significant increase in the risk of acute myocarditis/pericarditis following Comirnaty vaccination among Chinese male adolescents, especially after the second dose."
- 
 ==== Myocarditis Stratified by Age & Sex ==== ==== Myocarditis Stratified by Age & Sex ====
 Associate Professor Vinay Prasad wrote a Substack piece on December 26, 2021((https://vinayprasadmdmph.substack.com/p/uk-now-reports-myocarditis-stratified?justPublished=true)) that revisits the results of a paper that appeared in Nature Medicine called 'Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection' by Patone, Mei et al..((https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01630-0.pdf)) His analysis begins with the finding that the incidence of myocarditis in those under 40 years of age is higher post-vaccination than it is is post-Covid infection. It just gets worse from there. Associate Professor Vinay Prasad wrote a Substack piece on December 26, 2021((https://vinayprasadmdmph.substack.com/p/uk-now-reports-myocarditis-stratified?justPublished=true)) that revisits the results of a paper that appeared in Nature Medicine called 'Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection' by Patone, Mei et al..((https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01630-0.pdf)) His analysis begins with the finding that the incidence of myocarditis in those under 40 years of age is higher post-vaccination than it is is post-Covid infection. It just gets worse from there.
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 [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33824804/|Premature myocardial infarction or side effect of COVID-19 vaccine]] [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33824804/|Premature myocardial infarction or side effect of COVID-19 vaccine]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34416319|Fulminant myocarditis and systemic hyperinflammation temporally associated with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in two patients. Int J Cardiol, 340, 119-121. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.08.018]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34092429|Myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Vaccine, 39(29), 3790-3793. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.087]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34025885|Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination. Radiol Case Rep, 16(8), 2142-2145. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2021.05.033]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34586408|Acute Myocardial Infarction and Myocarditis following COVID-19 Vaccination. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab252]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34756746|Focal Myocarditis in an Adolescent Patient After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. J Emerg Med, 61(6), e129-e132. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.09.017]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34281357|Myocarditis With COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines. Circulation, 144(6), 471-484. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34564344|COVID 19 Vaccine for Adolescents. Concern about Myocarditis and Pericarditis. Pediatr Rep, 13(3), 530-533. doi:10.3390/pediatric13030061]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34333695|Occurrence of acute infarct-like myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: just an accidental co-incidence or rather vaccination-associated autoimmune myocarditis? Clin Res Cardiol, 110(11), 1850-1854. doi:10.1007/s00392-021-01916-w]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34704459|Cardiac MRI Findings of Myocarditis After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Adolescents. AJR Am J Roentgenol. doi:10.2214/AJR.21.26853]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34664804|Myocarditis-induced Sudden Death after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination in Korea: Case Report Focusing on Histopathological Findings. J Korean Med Sci, 36(40), e286. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e286]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34849657|Epidemiology of Acute Myocarditis/Pericarditis in Hong Kong Adolescents Following Comirnaty Vaccination. Clin Infect Dis. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab989]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34933012|Should T2 mapping be used in cases of recurrent myocarditis to differentiate between the acute inflammation and chronic scar? J Pediatr. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.026]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34356586|Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination: What Do We Know So Far? Children (Basel), 8(7). doi:10.3390/children8070607]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34246585|A Series of Patients With Myocarditis Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination With mRNA-1279 and BNT162b2. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 14(9), 1862-1863. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.06.003]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34487236|Biopsy-proven lymphocytic myocarditis following first mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in a 40-year-old male: case report. Clin Res Cardiol, 110(11), 1855-1859. doi:10.1007/s00392-021-01936-6]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34709227|Acute myocarditis in a young adult two days after Pfizer vaccination]. G Ital Cardiol (Rome), 22(11), 891-893. doi:10.1714/3689.36746]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34849667|Myocarditis and Pericarditis in Adolescents after First and Second doses of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcab090]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34237049|Use of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine After Reports of Myocarditis Among Vaccine Recipients: Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – United States, June 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 70(27), 977-982. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34660088|A Late Presentation of COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis. Cureus, 13(9), e17890. doi:10.7759/cureus.17890]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34916217|Myocarditis after vaccination against covid-19. BMJ, 375, n3090. doi:10.1136/bmj.n3090]]
 +
 +In brief: Myocarditis with the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. (2021). Med Lett Drugs Ther, 63(1629), e9. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34544112https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3454412
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34463755|Myocarditis should be considered in those with a troponin rise and unobstructed coronary arteries following Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab231]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34931681|T2 mapping should be utilised in cases of suspected myocarditis to confirm an acute inflammatory process. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab326]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34342500|Myocarditis Following COVID-19 Vaccination. Radiology, 301(1), E378-E379. doi:10.1148/radiol.2021211766]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34805376|Myocarditis and pericarditis in association with COVID-19 mRNA-vaccination: cases from a regional pharmacovigilance centre. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract, 2021(3), e202118. doi:10.21542/gcsp.2021.18]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34389692|COVID-19 Vaccination-Associated Myocarditis in Adolescents. Pediatrics, 148(5). doi:10.1542/peds.2021-053427]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34744118|Young Male With Myocarditis Following mRNA-1273 Vaccination Against Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Circ J. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-21-0818]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34568540|Kaul, R., Sreenivasan, J., Goel, A., Malik, A., Bandyopadhyay, D., Jin, C., . . . Panza, J. A. (2021). Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc, 36, 100872. doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100872]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34185046|Patients With Acute Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. JAMA Cardiol, 6(10), 1196-1201. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2828]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34402228|Cardiac Imaging of Acute Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. J Korean Med Sci, 36(32), e229. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e229]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34396358|Myocarditis following mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, a case series. Am Heart J Plus, 8, 100042. doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2021.100042]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34393110|mRNA COVID vaccine and myocarditis in adolescents. Hong Kong Med J, 27(5), 326-327. doi:10.12809/hkmj215120]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34463770|Reply to “Letter to the editor: Myocarditis should be considered in those with a troponin rise and unobstructed coronary arteries following PfizerBioNTech COVID-19 vaccination”. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab232]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34535317|Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination – A case series. Vaccine, 39(42), 6195-6200. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.004]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34834458|Myocarditis and Pericarditis following COVID-19 Vaccination: Inequalities in Age and Vaccine Types. J Pers Med, 11(11). doi:10.3390/jpm11111106]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34778411|Case Report: Acute Fulminant Myocarditis and Cardiogenic Shock After Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Requiring Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Front Cardiovasc Med, 8, 758996. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.758996]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34375696|Myocarditis and Pericarditis After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination: Practical Considerations for Care Providers. Can J Cardiol, 37(10), 1629-1634. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2021.08.001]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34614328|Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine against Covid-19 in Israel. N Engl J Med, 385(23), 2140-2149. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2109730]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34166671|Recurrence of Acute Myocarditis Temporally Associated with Receipt of the mRNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine in a Male Adolescent. J Pediatr, 238, 321-323. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.035]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34185045|Myocarditis Following Immunization With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military. JAMA Cardiol, 6(10), 1202-1206. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2833]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34840235|Myocarditis Following a COVID-19 Messenger RNA Vaccination: A Japanese Case Series. Intern Med. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.8731-21]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34876937|Acute Myocarditis Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report. J Cardiol Cases. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2021.11.006]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34402230|Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Myocarditis/Pericarditis before the Introduction of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Korean Children: a Multicenter Study. J Korean Med Sci, 36(32), e232. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e232]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34180390|Self-limited myocarditis presenting with chest pain and ST segment elevation in adolescents after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Cardiol Young, 1-4. doi:10.1017/S1047951121002547]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34496880|Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in young adult patients with acute myocarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination: a case series. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 23(1), 101. doi:10.1186/s12968-021-00795-4]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34907393|Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01630-0]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34367386|Acute myocarditis following Comirnaty vaccination in a healthy man with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Radiol Case Rep, 16(11), 3321-3325. doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2021.07.082]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34734240|Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine: A Case Series and Incidence Rate Determination. Clin Infect Dis. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab926]]
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34739045|Shiyovich, A., Witberg, G., Aviv, Y., Eisen, A., Orvin, K., Wiessman, M., . . . Hamdan, A. (2021). Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeab230]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34605853|Acute Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Adults Aged 18 Years or Older. JAMA Intern Med, 181(12), 1668-1670. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5511]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34341797|Risk of Myocarditis from COVID-19 Infection in People Under Age 20: A Population-Based Analysis. medRxiv. doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.21260998]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34282971|Myocarditis Associated with mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. Radiology, 301(2), E409-E411. doi:10.1148/radiol.2021211430]]
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34420869|Temporal association between the COVID-19 Ad26.COV2.S vaccine and acute myocarditis: A case report and literature review. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. doi:10.1016/j.carrev.2021.08.012]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34514306|Case report: acute myocarditis following the second dose of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Eur Heart J Case Rep, 5(8), ytab319. doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytab319]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34955479|Eosinophilic Myocarditis Following Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination. Circ J. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-21-0935]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34865500|Clinically Suspected Myocarditis Temporally Related to COVID-19 Vaccination in Adolescents and Young Adults. Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056583]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34277198|Myocarditis and Other Cardiovascular Complications of the mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines. Cureus, 13(6), e15576. doi:10.7759/cureus.15576]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34731877|Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. Pediatr Emerg Care, 37(11), 583-584. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000002557]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34229940|Myocarditis after BNT162b2 vaccination in a healthy male. Am J Emerg Med, 50, 815 e811-815 e812. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.06.051]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34614329|Myocarditis after Covid-19 Vaccination in a Large Health Care Organization. N Engl J Med, 385(23), 2132-2139. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2110737]]
 +
 +In brief: Myocarditis with the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. (2021). Med Lett Drugs Ther, 63(1629), e9. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34544112https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3454412
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34463755|Myocarditis should be considered in those with a troponin rise and unobstructed coronary arteries following Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab231]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34342500|Myocarditis Following COVID-19 Vaccination. Radiology, 301(1), E378-E379. doi:10.1148/radiol.2021211766]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34805376|Myocarditis and pericarditis in association with COVID-19 mRNA-vaccination: cases from a regional pharmacovigilance centre. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract, 2021(3), e202118. doi:10.21542/gcsp.2021.18]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34389692|COVID-19 Vaccination-Associated Myocarditis in Adolescents. Pediatrics, 148(5). doi:10.1542/peds.2021-053427]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34744118|Young Male With Myocarditis Following mRNA-1273 Vaccination Against Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Circ J. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-21-0818]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34568540|Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc, 36, 100872. doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100872]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34185046|Patients With Acute Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. JAMA Cardiol, 6(10), 1196-1201. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2828]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34402228|Cardiac Imaging of Acute Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. J Korean Med Sci, 36(32), e229. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e229]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34396358|Myocarditis following mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, a case series. Am Heart J Plus, 8, 100042. doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2021.100042]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34393110|mRNA COVID vaccine and myocarditis in adolescents. Hong Kong Med J, 27(5), 326-327. doi:10.12809/hkmj215120]]
 +
 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34463770|Reply to “Letter to the editor: Myocarditis should be considered in those with a troponin rise and unobstructed coronary arteries following PfizerBioNTech COVID-19 vaccination”. QJM. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab232]]
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 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34535317|Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination – A case series. Vaccine, 39(42), 6195-6200. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.004]]
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 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34834458|Myocarditis and Pericarditis following COVID-19 Vaccination: Inequalities in Age and Vaccine Types. J Pers Med, 11(11). doi:10.3390/jpm11111106]]
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 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34778411|Case Report: Acute Fulminant Myocarditis and Cardiogenic Shock After Messenger RNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Requiring Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Front Cardiovasc Med, 8, 758996. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.758996]]
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 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34375696|Myocarditis and Pericarditis After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination: Practical Considerations for Care Providers. Can J Cardiol, 37(10), 1629-1634. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2021.08.001]]
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 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34614328|Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine against Covid-19 in Israel. N Engl J Med, 385(23), 2140-2149. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2109730]]
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 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34166671|Recurrence of Acute Myocarditis Temporally Associated with Receipt of the mRNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine in a Male Adolescent. J Pediatr, 238, 321-323. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.035]]
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 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34185045|Myocarditis Following Immunization With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military. JAMA Cardiol, 6(10), 1202-1206. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2833]]
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 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34840235|Myocarditis Following a COVID-19 Messenger RNA Vaccination: A Japanese Case Series. Intern Med. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.8731-21]]
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 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34876937|Acute Myocarditis Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report. J Cardiol Cases. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2021.11.006]] 
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 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34860360|Features of Inflammatory Heart Reactions Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination at a Global Level. Clin Pharmacol Ther. doi:10.1002/cpt.2499]]
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 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34921468|Cardiac complications following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review of case reports and case series. Rev Med Virol, e2318. doi:10.1002/rmv.2318]]
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 +[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34808708|A review of COVID-19 vaccination and the reported cardiac manifestations. Singapore Med J. doi:10.11622/smedj.2021210]]
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 +[[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352906721000622|Temporal relationship between the second dose of BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine and cardiac involvement in a patient with previous SARS-COV-2 infection ]]
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 +[[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2788346|Myocarditis Cases Reported After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in the US From December 2020 to August 2021]]
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 +[[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2116999?query=featured_home|Myocarditis after BNT162b2 Vaccination in Israeli Adolescents]]
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 +[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35404496/|Risk of myopericarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in a large integrated health system: A comparison of completeness and timeliness of two methods]]
  
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